Heritage Assessment - 1692 Words

Assessing Family Health Patterns: Evaluating the Usefulness of a Heritage Assessment Tool Sarah Potter Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V-0191 October 5, 2014 Assessing Family Health Patterns: Evaluating the Usefulness of a Heritage Assessment Tool In the United States today cultural diversity is growing more prevalent every day. The report from the Institute of Medicine (IOM: Unequal treatment, 2002) presented information that racial and ethnic minorities of all ages receive lower quality health care compared to their non-minority counterparts. Every effort should be made to stop the disparities surrounding cultural differences while attempting to understand the cultural health behaviors, increase cultural†¦show more content†¦Similar to both other cultures though, the American family also consumes herbal supplements, vitamins, to maintain healthy body functions. Health Protection According to Langford (2013) health protection is a behavior motivated by a desire to actively avoid illness, detect it early or maintain functioning within the constraints if illness. In the Hispanic family interviewed the Mal de Ojo, or the â€Å"Evil Eye†, was a concept described by the mother of the family who has a 6 week old infant. The family believes that if a person with green or blue eyes looks at the baby with admiration or jealousy it will cause illness and disease upon the child and the mother. This is avoided by touching the infant when admiring or complimenting it. The health protection in the American family interviewed also had the mother and child in common. For the American family it was viewed that a relationship based in open communication between the mother and her teen son, was a way to reduce high risk adolescent teen behaviors. According to Langford (2013) having a healthy and open communication pattern is particularly successful health protection use d by families. Open communication, especially with mothers, is an important family strength responsible for reducing high-risk sexual and drug use behaviors among adolescents (Langford, 2013). Both the American and Hispanic families use diet to protect their health by consuming herbs and vitamin supplements. Like theShow MoreRelatedHeritage Notation Assessment4283 Words   |  18 PagesThe affects of Heritage notation orders Detailed analysis 23rd April 2012 Contents Abstract Introduction What is Heritage Significance? What is a Heritage notation order? What are the benefits of heritage listing? What does a heritage listing entail? How is the community affected? What are the disadvantages of heritage listing? The role of local government planning. The role of the Commonwealth. The positive impact of heritage listing on value. The negative impact of heritage listing on valueRead MoreHeritage Assessment1510 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Heritage Assessment: Comparing Cultural Health Traditions Monica V. Poehner Grand Canyon University: Family Centered Health Promotion November 16, 2013 Heritage Assessment: Comparing Cultural Health Traditions Culture and heritage are the properties that make up a way of life for a specific population. As referenced by South African History Online (n.d.), â€Å"Culture should be regarded as the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of societyRead MoreHeritage Assessment1503 Words   |  7 Pageshead: THE HERITAGE ASSESSMENT OF HISPANIC, ASIAN AND The Heritage Assessment of Hispanic, Asian and African American Families B.Cohran Grand Canyon University The Heritage Assessment of Hispanic, Asian and African American Families The Heritage Assessment Tool (HST) is used to â€Å"investigate a given patient’s or your own ethnic, cultural, and religious heritage†¦it can help determine how deeply a given person identifies with a particular tradition†. (prenhall.com). This assessment of 29 questionsRead MoreHeritage Assessment1246 Words   |  5 PagesHeritage assessment Danielle Sumner Grand Canyon University Heritage assessment Introduction The Heritage Assessment Tool can be adopted as a dependable tool to gauge, health maintenance, restoration and safeguard of personal, cultural beliefs. The adoption of health assessment tool helps meet the prerequisites of diverse patient populations to offer quality all-inclusive care. The following paper reviews the assessment of three culturally dissimilar families, and demonstrate how a nurse wouldRead MoreHeritage Assessment1064 Words   |  5 PagesHeritage Assessment By, Genethia Guerrero Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V Family Health Promotion 04/17/2011 Jose Alejandro Every individual has a cultural heritage. Each culture views the world differently. Culture is an inherited characteristic and includes knowledge, beliefs, customs, skills, likes and dislikes. The fundamental role of cultural heritage is uniting, respecting the diversities and brings people together to face the future by informing, perceiving and give importance toRead MoreHeritage Assessment1611 Words   |  7 PagesThe Influence of Heritage on Current Culture Evaluation of how family subscribes to these traditions and practices is offered in detail, while offering insight and/or reflection.It is essential for nurses to provide culturally sensitive care to each and every patient in order to establish repor and maintain a safe working relationship with each individual. To provide culturally sensitive care to a nurses patient’s he or she must first assess their own beliefs, values, and culture at large. TheRead MoreHeritage Assessment1366 Words   |  6 PagesAs a measurement tool, heritage assessment helps a person appreciate further his cultural background, find strengths in his personality (based from his specific cultural background), and work on weaknesses that he has. Unlike other assessment tools, this is a quantitative-based approach aimed at threshing out a person’s family, religious and ethnic background that Influences the healthcare delivered to that person or to their culture The greater the number of the positiv e responses shows the person’sRead MoreHeritage Assessment1104 Words   |  5 PagesHeritage Assessment NRS-429V | Culture and Cultural Competency in Health Promotion John Thomas 3/24/13 The Heritage Assessment tool is primarily used as a device to evaluate health maintenance, health protection, and health restoration of a person’s cultural beliefs and values (Spector, 2006). This assessment helps aid in providing quality patient care in that it helps to meet and respect the needs of different types of people and their respective backgrounds (Spector, 2002). This particularRead MoreHeritage Assessment963 Words   |  4 PagesHeritage Assessment Tracie Bigelow Grand Canyon University: 429V Melinda Darling September 29, 2013 Heritage Assessment Culture is defined as the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society group place of time (Culture, 2013). The heritage assessment tool is a great method used to assess health maintenance, protection, and restoration of each individual’s cultural beliefs. The heritage assessment tool is often used by healthcare providers to help determine different culturalRead MoreHeritage Assessment968 Words   |  4 PagesHeritage Assessment Angel S. Winnie Grand Canyon University: NRS429V May 17, 2013 Heritage Assessment The heritage assessment tool is a checklist used by professionals to gain knowledge of patient’s culture and beliefs prior to initiating care. (Spector, 2000). There are many different cultures in this country, brining different beliefs in health, illness, recovery, death, and life. The heritage assessment tool is an important measure towards better understanding of cultural competency,

Bi-Bi A Better Way to Educate the Deaf - 2307 Words

In America we have adopted an auditory-speech, which is a mono-linguistic focus on the spoken and written forms of the majority (English here) language, approach to educating our deaf children. We adopted this methodology for teaching the deaf because of the Milan Conference held in 1880. This conference was an excuse for those in favor of oralism to gain the support they needed to outlaw the use of signed language in education. Their plot succeeded; the conference decided that signed language was inferior to spoken languages and was not capable of allowing the kind of learning necessary (Lane, Hoffmeister, and Bahan 61). From this stemmed many of the false beliefs about signed language. Such as signed language will make the signer†¦show more content†¦The implant helps quite a deal with hearing ability but it does not enable the implanted to hear everything that is going on and it is very difficult for them to filter our background noises. As mentioned earlier the us e of an oral only education severely limits the education of the deaf child. These parents are rarely informed that there are other alternatives. They are almost never told about the use of ASL in educating their child. This perspective help by audiologists and speech pathologists lingers from the Milan Conference but many countries have taken another path, in fact it is only the US and Canada that have professionals that are still struggling to accept signed language as a beneficial tool (Lane, Hoffmeister, and Bahan 335-366). In the Netherlands in order to qualify for a cochlear implant the family is required to learn signed language and the government has instituted programs to help with this endeavor (Knooks 268). Bi-bi is teaching deaf children signed language and then using that to teach them the majority spoken language as well as teaching them both deaf and hearing cultures. Using signed language has been proven to aid in the learning of spoken language and literacy (An drews and Rusher 408). The student is able to â€Å"piggy back† what they are learning in the spoken language with what they know from the signed language (Andrews and Rusher 408). Because the student has learned aShow MoreRelatedDeaf Culture Essay6276 Words   |  26 PagesDeaf Culture in America CAPSTONE PROJECT By Heather Velez Liberal Arts Capstone LIB-495-OL010 Dr. David Weischadle April 19,2013 Abstract The purpose of this research paper is to answer the major question, what is Deaf culture? There are three sub-questions that will assist in answering the major question: (1) What constitutes Deaf culture? (2) How has American Sign Language impacted the Deaf community? (3) What are the major issues that are being addressed in Deaf culture today? WithRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1670 Words   |  7 Pagesmedications may be used alone or in combination to treat depression or mania and for maintenance purposes. Along with the medications, education plays a key role in managing bipolar symptoms. Doctors and therapists usually will suggest programs to educate a patient on their specific disorder. Some of the programs that are suggested for people with bipolar disorder are PHP’s (Partial Hospitalization Program) or IOP’s (Intensive Outpatient Program). These programs are usually attended three to fourRead MoreA Jerney in to the Deaf World15812 Words   |  64 PagesJourney Into Deaf-World Chapter 1 Chapter one is basically an introduction to the issues that are discussed throughout the book. Chapter one introduces all the people that are constantly referred to throughout the book. Ben Bahan is the narrator and introduces us to Jake Cohan, Laurel Case, Roberto Rivera and Henry Byrne. Ben is a CODA, Child Of Deaf Adults, and like many CODA’s tried to stray from the deaf community be was eventually drawn back to it. He is currently teaching at the only deaf collegeRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagesi Igbo Dictionary: KayWilliamson. Draft of Edition II Editor’s note: The Echeruo (1997) and Igwe (1999) Igbo dictionaries Since the preparation of the manuscript, two other dictionaries of Igbo have appeared. Since these differ in important ways from the present document, the following notes are to assist the reader. Michael J. Echeruo 1997. Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1. Includes an English-Igbo finderlist 2. Aims to be comprehensive (the Igbo-EnglishRead MoreLgbt19540 Words   |  79 Pagesused to refer generally to lesbian, gay and bisexual people but many women prefer to be called lesbian. Most gay people dont like to be referred to as homosexual because of the negative historical associations with the word and because the word gay better reflects their identity. Bisexual A bisexual person is someone who is romantically, sexually and/or emotionally attracted to people of both sexes. Transgender or Trans Is an umbrella term used to describe people whose gender identity (internalRead MoreAdvancing Effective Communicationcommunication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care Quality Safety Equity53293 Words   |  214 Pages...............................................4 Resource Guide ............................................................................................................................................................................4 Suggested Ways to Use the Roadmap for Hospitals ..........................................................................................................................4 To Improve Performance ...................................................................Read MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagescommunications 12.14 Distribution strategies and the distribution plan 12.15 Channel management 12.16 The ‘soft’ elements of the marketing mix CONTENTS ix 12.17 Integrating the elements of the marketing mix 12.18 Summary Stage Four: Which way is best? Strategic evaluation 13 Criteria of choice 13.1 Learning objectives 13.2 Introduction 13.3 Financial versus non-financial criteria; effectiveness versus efficiency 13.4 Financial criteria 13.5 Non-financial criteria 13.6 Multiple criteria 13Read MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesto face a great deal of resistance. What Edmonds manages to do here is offer us a way to appreciate the importance of Rastafarianism as a religious phenomenon that is consistent with much of what happens when religious groups and movements grow and develop. Indeed, there is a remarkable logic to the development of Rasta that deï ¬ es the notion that it is a movement of the insane and the misguided. Given the way in which Rastafarianism has arrived in the world, it is useful when someone is able

Case Analysis Northwest Airlines and the Detroit Snowstorm Essay Example For Students

Case Analysis: Northwest Airlines and the Detroit Snowstorm Essay (Case Analysis: Northwest Airlines and the Detroit Snowstorm 1. What exactly went wrong? How bad was this situation? Ans: There was a snowstorm on Saturday, January 2nd, which was very serious and caused over 10 inches of snowfall. Northwest Airlines had been too late to halt the departure of their planes from other cities to Detroit, on of its largest hub. They made the decision to let 30 planes land in Detroit on Sunday, neglecting those 14 inches of snow and the severe weather condition. Luckily, all the planes were landed successfully without any major accidents or disasters. However, the planes had to sit on the tarmac for over 8 hours before they could deplane their passengers. All the food, water and drinks were used up after two or three hours of waiting on the taxiways. There were infants as well as old people onboard, which made the situation even critical. The lavatories were out of function as the maximum capacity had been reached. The temperature was around 20s outside the plane, which meant that it was impossible to open the emergency door to deplane the passengers. Some of the passengers were fed up by the conditions and went out of control, making the situation of the cabin even worse. 2. Could this situation have been avoided? If not, could it have been mitigated (and if so, how)? Ans: This situation could possibly have been avoided if Northwest Airlines had cancelled the departure of their planes to Detroit earlier. Other airlines had not encountered such a serious situation, while the planes of other airlines were just needed to wait for around an hour. The SOC director at the headquarter of Northwest Airlines had made some bad decision to cause the disaster. In addition, the situation could also been mitigated after the decision of the SOC director. Northwest Airlines had not tired their best to seek for help from the other airlines. The situation would be much more better if they asked more of the other airlines for lending their open gates to deplane the passengers. Only Continental Airline had lent an open gate to Northwest Airlines that helped to deplane three flights. Other airlines had claimed that they had not received any call from Northwest Airlines regarding the situation nor asking any help from them. Also, the situation could be mitigated if Northwest Airlines had integrated stairs on their planes. Spirit Airlines had in fact safely deplane their passengers using the integrated stairs. The passengers were then immediately taken into waiting rental car company buses to the terminal. The Northwest Airlines could borrow the appropriate mobile passenger stairs from another airline to mitigate the situation, but they had not considered to do so. . Who is responsible and why? Was the cause of this situation an â€Å"act of God† (the weather) or some organization? If an organization was responsible, which was it? Ans: The Systems Operations Control (â€Å"SOC†) group had to be responsible for this situation. They are the one responsible for monitoring and coordinating Northwest Airline’s response to schedule problems and any o ther potential problems. On Saturday, January 2nd, Northwest Airline’s Chief Dispatcher had already suggested that the conditions were bad enough to justify a shutdown of NWA’s operations. However, the director of the SOC department insisted to carry on the departures due to given that conditions were still above legal minimums. He was the one to decide the NWA’s operations at Detroit should continue, although he did reduce the number of arrivals from 39 to 25 per bank. This situation was certainly not caused by an â€Å"act of God†. It was a fact that the weather was very bad, but there were even worse weather in other locations of which NWA had been encountered. .ud334cf5718b2204171bd662d2af589e8 , .ud334cf5718b2204171bd662d2af589e8 .postImageUrl , .ud334cf5718b2204171bd662d2af589e8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud334cf5718b2204171bd662d2af589e8 , .ud334cf5718b2204171bd662d2af589e8:hover , .ud334cf5718b2204171bd662d2af589e8:visited , .ud334cf5718b2204171bd662d2af589e8:active { border:0!important; } .ud334cf5718b2204171bd662d2af589e8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud334cf5718b2204171bd662d2af589e8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud334cf5718b2204171bd662d2af589e8:active , .ud334cf5718b2204171bd662d2af589e8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud334cf5718b2204171bd662d2af589e8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud334cf5718b2204171bd662d2af589e8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud334cf5718b2204171bd662d2af589e8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud334cf5718b2204171bd662d2af589e8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud334cf5718b2204171bd662d2af589e8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud334cf5718b2204171bd662d2af589e8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud334cf5718b2204171bd662d2af589e8 .ud334cf5718b2204171bd662d2af589e8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud334cf5718b2204171bd662d2af589e8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: What are Niccolo Machiavelli’s ideas on effective leadership Sample EssayIn my opinion, the whole NWA and Detroit Metro Airport should take responsibility of this severe situation. The bad decision from the SOC director was actually just focused on making more flights (which meant more revenue), neglecting the potential danger and disaster. The lack of integrated stairs in the planes of Northwest Airline should not be neglected, or else the passengers could have been deplaned using the integrated stairs as Spirit Airline did. The lack of communication with the other airlines was also one of the major causes of the disaster. Northwest Airline maybe too proud of themselves at this hub because they were the chief airline of the Detroit Metro Airport as their flights had accounted approximately 57% of the airport’s total scheduled passenger operations. They just did not want to ask for a helping hand from the other airlines in my opinion as they did not realize how critical the situation was in the cabin. On the other hand, the airport should also take action to deplane all the flights as soon as possible by asking the use of open gates from other airlines. They should realize the shortage of water and food inside the flights. There was not only one flight on the taxiways, but thirty. The lives of the passengers should be at the top priority of which the control manager of the airport had not noticed, despite the fact that he was surrounded and bombed by other people. 4. What should Northwest Airlines do in response to this situation? Ans: Northwest Airlines should ask for help from the other airlines as soon as possible, either for open gates or integrated stairs. They should also ask for portable water or food from wherever and see if it was possible to deliver. In such a critical situation with patients and infants, they should also try to call 911 for emergency help. The fire and emergency rescue department should be able to deplane the passengers in some ways. They had not done all those as they were concerned the image of the airline would be affected. However, doing those things maybe even better for their image as they might able to pull out the fact that their passengers were always on top of their priority list. They just could not afford to lose any life of their passengers. After all these had happened, they should also compensate to the passengers with some noticeable and valuable voucher such as a free flight. Other than the SOC director of the headquarter, all the other senior executives should form an emergency working group to do whatever they could to deplane and saved the lives of the passengers. In my opinion, all the people outside the cabins were just not realized how bad the situation would be if people were imprisoned on a plane for 8 hours without food and water.

Marshall Plan free essay sample

Their thoughts are concerned with their own misery and particularly with the tortured cries of their hungry children. They are the easy victims of mass hysteria. When people become frightened democratic precepts mean nothing. The success of the French and Italian communist parties in postwar elections were particularly worrying proof of these fears. What was more, the economic crisis in Europe threatened prosperity in the USA as well. Without a general cover international trade would be damaged and the US was unlikely to recover any of the substantial loans it had made to its allies.The situation encouraged the American Secretary of State, General George C. Marshall, to propose that the USA should help to rebuild European economies by giving them massive sums of money. His European Recovery Programmer (ERP) offered economic and financial assistance wherever it was needed. Our policy, he declared, is directed not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos. We will write a custom essay sample on Marshall Plan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nevertheless, he need to ensure markets for US goods and the advantages of wealth as a barrier to the spread of communism were not lost on the Congress, which approved the plan.Over the next four years over 13,000 million dollars of Marshall Aid flowed into western Europe, promoting economic recovery. A total of 1 6 west European countries joined the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (EEOC), which distributed American aid. The Russians, however, knew that there was more to Marshall Aid than benevolence. Although aid was in theory available to eastern Europe, including the Soviet Union, Molotov, the Russian Foreign Minister, denounced the whole idea so dollar imperialism.He saw the plan as no more than a capitalist device for gaining control over western Europe and, worse still, for interfering in eastern Europe, which Stalin considered to be in his sphere of influence. Russia rejected the Offer Of help and neither her satellites nor Czechoslovakia, which was showing interest, were allowed to take advantage of Marshall Aid. The establishment of the Conform later that year was clear evidence that the lines between East and West were hardening.

The United States Surprem Courts essays

The United States Surprem Courts essays In 1977 the United States Supreme Court reinstated the death penalty, and since then about 3,625 people have been executed. (Copley News Service) The death penalty can be prescribed by Congress or State Legislatures as a form of capital punishment for certain heinous crimes. (Legal Information Institute) There has always been an argument of whether the death penalty is right. Supporters believe that for extreme crimes, the only punishment is death, but opposing forces contend that it is a form of legally administered cruel and unusual punishment. The Death Penalty was instituted as a way to protect the entire society, which outweighs an individuals power. When someone commits a crime they are executed and they will never be able to kill anyone again. Critics may argue that is cruel and unusual punishment, and that criminals should be incarcerated and rehabilitated. Though this would be ideal, it is not likely because after most criminals serve a sentence and are released they return to society and continue to do wrong. Though children easily learn from their mistakes through punishment, the same is not true adults who already have a certain mindset. Though the death penalty is not directly related to deterring crime, it serves as a way of scaring criminals who might commit worst crimes. In order to make society a safer place we have to have rules in place that makes people know that if they do wrong they will be punished. Our society is built on justice and maintaining an orderly society. To preserve justice we must ensure that criminals are punished and the innocent are free. The American Bar Association (ABA) has now called for a moratorium on executions in the United States. The ABA wants the cessation to give states a chance to implement procedures that will ensure a fair process. They have recently learned of lots of mistakes that have taken place in the death penalty proces...

Ibn Khaldun Achievements and Profile

Ibn Khaldun Achievements and Profile Ibn Khaldun is an important figure in Medieval History. Key Facts Other Names: Ibn Khaldun was also known as Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman ibn Khaldun. Notable Achievements: Ibn Khaldun was noted for developing one of the earliest nonreligious philosophies of history. He is generally considered the greatest Arab historian as well as the father of sociology and the science of history. Occupations: PhilosopherWriter HistorianDiplomatTeacher Places of Residence and Influence: AfricaIberia Important Dates Born: May 27, 1332Died: March 17, 1406 (some references have 1395) Quotation Attributed to Ibn Khaldun He who finds a new path is a pathfinder, even if the trail has to be found again by others; and he who walks far ahead of his contemporaries is a leader, even though centuries pass before he is recognized as such. About Ibn Khaldun Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman ibn Khaldun  came from an illustrious family and enjoyed an excellent education in his youth. Both his parents died when the Black Death struck Tunis in 1349. At the age of 20, he was given a post at the court of Tunis and later became secretary to the sultan of Morocco in Fez. In the late 1350s, he was imprisoned for two years for suspicion of participating in a rebellion. After being released and promoted by a new ruler, he again fell out of favor, and he decided to go to Granada. Ibn Khaldun had served the Muslim ruler of Granada in Fez, and Granadas prime minister, Ibn al-Khatib, was a renowned writer and a good friend to Ibn Khaldun. A year later he was sent to Seville to conclude a peace treaty with King Pedro I of Castile, who treated him with great generosity. However, intrigue raised its ugly head and rumors were spread of his disloyalty, adversely affecting his friendship with Ibn al-Khatib. He returned to Africa, where he changed employers with unfortunate frequency and served in a variety of administrative posts. In 1375, Ibn Khaldun sought refuge from the tumultuous political sphere with the tribe of Awlad Arif. They lodged him and his family in a castle in Algeria, where he spent four years writing the  Muqaddimah.   Illness drew him back to Tunis, where he continued his writing until difficulties with the current ruler prompted him to leave once more. He moved to Egypt and eventually took a teaching post at the Quamhiyyah college in Cairo, where he later became chief judge of the Maliki rite, one of the four recognized rites of Sunnite Islam. He took his duties as judge very seriously perhaps too seriously for most of the tolerant Egyptians, and his term did not last long. During his time in Egypt, Ibn Khaldun was able to make a pilgrimage to Mecca and visit Damascus and Palestine. Except for one incident in which he was forced to participate in a palace revolt, his life there was relatively peaceful- until Timur invaded Syria. The new sultan of Egypt, Faraj, went out to meet Timur and his victorious forces, and Ibn Khaldun was among the notables he took with him. When the Mamluk army returned to Egypt, they left Ibn Khaldun in besieged Damascus. The city fell into great peril, and the city leaders began negotiations with Timur, who asked to meet Ibn Khaldun. The illustrious scholar was lowered over the city wall by ropes in order to join the conqueror. Ibn Khaldun spent nearly two months in the company of Timur, who treated him with respect. The scholar used his years of accumulated knowledge and wisdom to charm the ferocious conqueror, and when Timur asked for a description of North Africa, Ibn Khaldun gave him a complete written report. He witnessed the sack of Damascus and the burning of the great mosque, but he was able to secure safe passage from the decimated city for himself and other Egyptian civilians. On his way home from Damascus, laden with gifts from Timur, Ibn Khaldun was robbed and stripped by a band of Bedouin. With the greatest of difficulty, he made his way to the coast, where a ship belonging to the Sultan of Rum, carrying an ambassador to the sultan of Egypt, took him to Gaza. Thus he established contact with the rising Ottoman Empire. The rest of Ibn Khalduns journey and, indeed, the rest of his life was relatively uneventful. He died in 1406 and was buried in the cemetery outside one of Cairos main gates. Ibn Khalduns Writings Ibn Khalduns most significant work is the Muqaddimah. In this introduction to history, he discussed historical methods and provided the necessary criteria for distinguishing historical truth from error. The Muqaddimah is considered one of the most phenomenal works on the philosophy of history ever written. Ibn Khaldun also wrote a definitive history of Muslim North Africa, as well as an account of his eventful life in an autobiography entitled Al-tarif bi Ibn Khaldun. More Ibn Khaldun Resources Biographies Ibn Khaldun His Life and Work by M. A. EnanIbn Khaldun: Historian, Sociologist Philosopher by Nathaniel Schmidt Philosophical and Sociological Works Ibn Khaldun: An Essay in Reinterpretation (Arabic Thought and Culture) by Aziz Al-AzmehIbn Khaldun and Islamic Ideology (International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology) edited by B. LawrenceSociety, State, and Urbanism: Ibn Khalduns Sociological Thought by Fuad BaaliSocial Institutions: Ibn Khalduns Social Thought by Fuad BaaliIbn Khalduns Philosophy of History - A Study in the Philosophic Foundation of the Science of Culture by Muhsin Mahdi Works by Ibn Khaldun Muqaddimah by Ibn Khaldun; translated by Franz Rosenthal; edited by N. J. DowoodAn Arab Philosophy of History: Selections from the Prolegomena of Ibn Khaldun of Tunis (1332-1406) by Ibn Khaldun; translated by Charles Philip Issawi

American history Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

American history - Assignment Example 9. Known as the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson, this was a great event in the political life of the United States. The reasons for his impeachment were based on eleven articles in the impeachment law such as misdemeanors, crimes, and disregard of the tenures of office act. 12. The Scalawags were a group of native white southerners, who during the reconstruction of the United States joined the Republican Party and advocated for compliance with congressional reconstruction. 13. Three requirements set for the Southern states to address before being readmitted to were; to declare that secession null and void, accept the thirteenth Amendment and agreeing to not pay the war debts incurred by them. 14. During the reconstruction period, there were significant changes through the passage of fundamental laws such as the 14th and 15th Amendments. There were 16% African American were elected and served in the Congress. 16. President Ulysses S. Grant’s administration was rocked by several infamous corruption scandals. Among the major scandals was in the gold market which involved two characters who attempted to inflate the price of gold. 17. The North felt that the freed slaves were given too much freedom and rights. They abandoned their participation in protecting the rights of the freed slaves and subsequently this meant the abandonment of Reconstruction. Roark, James L., Michael P. Johnson, Patricia Cline Cohen, Sarah Stage, Alan Lawson, and Susan M. Hartmann. "The Expanding Republic."Â  The American Promise: A History of the United States. 4th ed. St. Martins USA: Bedford,

Why are adjusting entries necessary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why are adjusting entries necessary - Essay Example A situation that requires an adjustment entry is when an amount in the accounting records of the company has already been recorded but the amount is realized that it is far more than the current accounting period. Consequently, there are other situations that the adjusting journal entries may be required before the company issue the financial statements for example a situation when there is nothing that has been entered into the accounting records for a particular expense or revenue that did occur and require that they are included in the income statement and the balance sheet of the current period. Another situation is when some amount of money has already been entered in the accounting records but it needs to be divided between two or more accounting periods. Adjusting entries are used to measure income and financial position of the company or organization in a very useful and relevant way. For example if the management of the company would wish to know the much they earned during the last few months or years and even its liabilities and assets at particular date. This makes it a necessary reason for making the entries that will indicate the actual and realistic positions to the users. The procedure for making these adjustments and entries must be complete and consistent at the end of each accounting period (Lypko, 2013). Therefore the accountants must ensure that they make these adjustments by analyzing thoroughly the accounts and determine which account requires adjustment. Adjusting entries allows financial statements to be compared through different accounting periods (matching rule). Management of the company can use the adjustment entry journal to analyze whether the company is making progress in terms of earning profits or improving its financial position. For example if the accrued salary expense for a given month is

Augustines Confession Today Essay Example for Free

Augustines Confession Today Essay In my opinion I feel as if Augustines Confessions is still very much relevant and timeless in todays world in the aspect of religion and spirituality, morality, and love. In Confessions Augustine undergoes a transition from his original view on religion to a different view. He begins to be cautious of sin in his life and in the lives of those around him. Most of all, Confessions helps in understanding the Journey of man in his search for a more spiritual connection, the struggles they may be faced with, and he right path to be chosen, which is a struggle that many can relate to today. When looking at this in Confessions you see in Book VIII, Augustine tells us of his transition to Christianity. He describes how he was able to overcome his struggle with his internal battles and become a follower of Christ. Augustine describes his struggle as having two wills, one carnal, one spiritual, were in conflict with one and other. Augustines is having an internal battle between his pleasure seeking side and his spiritual side. The quote This was the controversy raging in my heart, a controversy about myself, against myself is where Augustine recognizes this internal conflict between his good and bad side. This is when he embraces Christianity. This statement is relevant today in many ways. The statement does not Just apply to religion. In life in general, there will always be internal battles that you will have to face. Whatever it may be, you will have to decide what the right path to take it is and this will be what defines you as a person. During Augustines Journey you notice in ook VI of Confessions that Augustine is struggling with his feelings on sex, women, and love. He begins his spiritual Journey and has to change his perspective from being a young man that has an overwhelming desire for sex and women to a lifestyle that is in compliance with the church. This means that he can only have sexual relations within the confines of marriage. Augustine comments on his struggle with this as he describes himself as a slave for lust. After he sends his mistress away he says: And so, since I was not a lover of wedlock so much as a slave of lust, I procured nother mistressnot a wife, of course. Thus in bondage to a lasting habit, the disease of my soul might be nursed up and kept in its vigor or even increased until it reached the realm of matrimony. Nor indeed was the wound healed that had been caused by cutting away my former mistress; only it ceased to burn and throb, and began to fester, and was more dangerous because it was less painful. Augustine uses words such as wound, bondage, and disease of my soul suggesting that Augustine sees this as a bad habit that needs to be fixed. In book VI you can see that is thoughts on women and love are pushing towards the churchs thoughts on it. Yet, his body is still struggling with this his lustful desires. After reading Confessions you can see what the Augustine goes through in order to achieve his goals of spirituality. As well as through his first-person narratives you gain an understanding as to what may lead to conversion and the path towards spirituality. Through reason and the strength to overcome the struggles with internal battles, such as morality and lust, the Journey can be completed. Augustines Confession Today By savannahr87

The Crucifixion of Jesus Christ :: Essays about Jesus Christ

"For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life." This verse - John 3:16 - is perhaps the most important in the Bible. Jesus Christ was the son of God, but he was also the son of man. Jesus had a human mother, Mary (see Luke 1:30-31 for example), but his father was God (see John 3:18 for example). Jesus was human, not God. Consider 1 Timothy 2:5:"For there is one God, and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus;" There could not be a clearer statement that Christ was a man. Because Christ was human he experienced all the trials and temptations that we experience. Christ, however was strong enough to resist all temptation and lived a life without sinning - that is without disobeying God."[Jesus Christ] was in all points tempted like as we are, yet without sin." (Hebrews 4:15). Christ was "obedient unto death, even the death of the cross.". (Philippians 2:8) "Sin, when it is finished, bringeth forth death." (James 1:15), or as Paul puts it in Romans 6:23 " the wages of sin is death". Christ never sinned, and therefore did not earn the wages of sin. Therefore God raised him from the dead "having loosed the pains of death: because it was not possible that he should be holden of it." (Acts 2:24). The full story of Christ's death and resurrection can be found in Matthew 27 & 28, Mark 15 & 16, Luke 23 & 24, and John 18 - 21. After his resurrection Christ spent some time with his disciples. Then he ascended into heaven. He will one day return from heaven to rule on earth as King. The Crucifixion Jesus Christ lived a sinless life even up to his death by crucifixion. Far from being a way of appeasing a wrathful God for the sins of Mankind the Crucifixion is really an example of God's love toward us. Consider Romans 5:8 "But God commendeth his love toward us, in that, while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us.". At first this seems slightly strange: how was God's love manifested towards us through the Crucifixion? Through his death Christ gained forgiveness of sins for all who follow him (see "baptism"). Titus 3:13,14 says "our Saviour Jesus Christ; Who gave himself for us, that he might redeem us from all iniquity".

Manage own performance

Explain the systems and procedures and codes of practice relevant to your personal work role: 1. 2 Why is it important to plan work and be accountable to others? It is important to plan your work and be accountable to others to enable you and your organization progress. This helps to determine work objectives, It allows you to know what results are possible and what the best path to the desired outcome should be.Being accountable to others can bring a sense of ownership to the process by making you now that others are counting on you to perform a task and deliver results. It can also help keep you on track. 1. 3 / 1. 4 Explain the purpose and benefits of agreeing realistic targets for work and who would you agree these with? Purpose: The purpose for agreeing realistic targets for work is to keep everyone on task and focused on accomplishing a target that Is possible, not out of reach.This way, everyone can contribute effectively and reach targets efficiently Instead of struggling and going off track. Benefits: Having a target shows you the path that you want to take, you can then Greer on the most effective way to achieve the target and also create a plan that will give you a time scale of things to be done. This brings fast and reliable compliance to the tasks at hand. Who with and how? Compromising with my manager, we discuss some realistic/ achievable targets that I will be able to achieve and create a plan to show the most effective ways to achieve the targets. . 5 Describe the ways which you plan work to meet agreed targets: First of all It Is important to look at how much time you have to complete the agreed targets. Then he next step would be breaking the target down in to parts, this will then give you a much clearer idea of what you can do to complete the target. You can then give yourself deadlines to complete each part of the target, instead of trying to do everything at once. You need to make sure you put the most Important and time any problems tha t occur along the way, you will have time to solve them. . 6 Explain the purpose of keeping other people informed about progress: The purpose of keeping other people informed within your organization is so that everybody is aware of the progression towards the targets that have been set. Also keeping people informed of your progress eliminates the confusion of the same thing being done more than once. 1. 7 Explain the purpose and benefits of letting other people know if work plans need to be changed: People need to be made aware of any changes as soon as possible so that they can also change what they are doing.It also makes them feel involved in what's going on, they might also give you feedback whether they agree with new changes or not. 1. 8 / 1. 9 Describe the types of problems you may encounter during work and who would you go to for help and why? Equipment Breaking – I would inform the person that is in charge of ordering the equipment. Also I would inform my manager. O ther employees being absent – I may be asked to do extra hours or a Job that is out of my comfort zone. I would talk to my manager about anything I am unsure on or that I can't do.People not giving me enough information – If I am doing a particular Job and I have not been given enough information to complete the task, I would then ask questions about things that I am unsure on. Colleagues or clients asking me questions that I don't know the answer to – If I don't now the answer then I would try and point them in the direction of someone who does know the answer. 1. 10 Why is it important to recognize and learn from your mistakes? Firstly of all it is important to own to the mistakes that you have made, instead of trying to shift the blame onto someone else or denying that you are at fault.Once the mistake you have made has recognized, you can then start to look at ways to prevent this from happening again. Wars you can do this are; taking extra training if you t hink it is required, asking another member of the team, for example your manager, or Just sing your own initiative your own work and how would you set these? Purpose & benefits: It is important to set high standards for my work because then it will help me to do the best I can and help me to be recognized at work in a positive way. Also at the same time I am setting myself a challenge rather than keeping to standards that can already achieve.How would you set these? To set myself new high standards for my work, I would first look at areas of my work which I am able to do comfortably and with ease, then I would see what I could do to improve the standards even more. . 3 / 2. 4 What is the purpose and benefits for taking on new challenges should they arise and why is it important to be able to adapt to change? Purpose & benefit: Organization have to change from time to time to keep up with other competitors and also keep in tune with new technology that may become available over the y ears.Why is it important: It is important to take on new challenges and be able to adapt to change because this will show my employer that I am capable and a strong part of the organization. It will also help improve and learn new skills along the way. 2. / 2. 6 Why is it important to treat others with respect, honesty and consideration and how do you use this in your workplace? Why: It is important to treat others with respect and to be honest because It creates a good working environment in the work place, which will effect the happiness of others in the work place.This is also makes the team look good as a whole. How: Being honest and treating my colleagues with respect will build a strong, trustworthy relationship which you can only benefit from. 2. 7 Describe the types of behavior at work that show honesty, respect and inconsideration and explain those that don't: Types of good behavior that show honesty, respect and consideration are: Types of poor or bad behavior that show di shonesty, no respect and lack factorizations are: Taking the blame for your own actions, if you have made a mistake.Not asking questions when you encounter a problem and you don't know what to do. Not interrupting someone when they speak to you. Not taking the blame when you are at fault. No being bothering to help Having a positive attitude towards work. Being a bad team player Being trustworthy Being disrespectful

Reform In Britain During The 1800s History Essay

The call for reform in Britain during the 1800 ‘s was common with measure after measure turn toing issues such as working conditions, instruction and faith each going a subject of argument. The most of import of the reforms nevertheless were the legislative reform that began with the 1832 reform measure and was continued in 1867 and beyond. These first two measures nevertheless are the most important of the statute law passed during the century. It was the 1832 Reform Act though that was the defining minute in British parliamentary History. It was the first major restructuring of the electoral system in over five hundred old ages, and as a consequence it is justified to name it a momentous event. Whether or non the Reform Act of 1832 was ‘great ‘ as it has been labeled or is slightly lesser in significance is a good inquiry. It could be stated that reform acts that followed accomplished more and affected a wider sector of the population than the original measure. The Reform Act of 1867 tantrums in to this class, it reached out to more people than the original act and as Gertrude Himmelfarb says, it was the â€Å" aˆÂ ¦act that transformed England into a democracy. †[ 1 ] However one reads that statement, there has to be a starting point and it is difficult to conceive of parliament doing such wide-ranging alterations like affranchising the working category in 1867 if non for the in-between category holding already been enfranchised at some earlier clip. Francis Herrick therefore, is a bit more accurate when he wrote that the â€Å" Reform Bill of 1867 is by and large considered as the 2nd measure in the long procedure which peacefully transformed the British authorities into a functioning democracy. †[ 2 ] Reform took about a century to finish, it did n't go on overnight. No 1 in 1832 idea that the advancement they had made was traveling to be the terminal of the route. Ellis A. Wasson makes this clear by stating â€Å" †¦ conclusiveness was non their purpose, † they went from utilizing the nose count of 1820 to that of 1830 to apportion seats while they were revising the measure because they â€Å" tacitly admitted their ‘s could merely be a impermanent step. †[ 3 ]Herrick makes a good point when he says that 18th century British reform is a â€Å" aˆÂ ¦story of the transportation of political power from an nobility to a in-between category, and from the in-between category to the people. †[ 4 ]Therefore, the history of reform in Britain is, and it ‘s most of import minute has to be, the act of 1832 when the first measure was accomplished by reassigning power to the in-between category. The Reform Act, for that ground, is of great effect non merely for what it achieved but besides because it set in motion.A Prior to the 1832 act, parliament was under the control of the aristocracy and the landed elite in both the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Those who sat there were representatives of the privileged along with being distinguished landholders. These work forces were besides leaders in about every facet of British society. It can be argued that any sort of reform would be damaging to the domination the land-owning nobility held and it would look that these work forces would non vote for a measure that would cut down their power but, this â€Å" landed elite dominated the establishments which passed the parliamentary reform Acts of the Apostless of 1832 and 1867. †[ 5 ] One ground for their recognition of reform was that they saw problem looming in the skyline if there was non some kind of alteration was n't made. Encouraged by what they saw as a successful revolution in France, the people of Britain became resolute in their privation for a more representative authorities. The instance could be made that outside parliamentary force per unit area to consequence reform was inspired by the in-between category along with a really convincing concern of a on the job category rebellion. This outside force per unit area could come in many signifiers with the most popular being some type of presentation. Therefore, it is difficult to visualize the Reform Act being passed on its ain agreement and the curates merely had to look at the Catholic Emancipation of 1829, which saw widespread perturbation prior to its passing. After the 2nd reading of the Reform Bill was rejected there were public violences that took topographic point in Bristol every bit good as ser ious perturbations at Derby and Nottingham, and a roseola of less alarming presentations in other topographic points.[ 6 ] After two unsuccessfully efforts, the Reform Act was passed by the Commons and sent to the Lords on 26 March 1832 but non without another signifier of play. The Whig cabinet threatened to walk out if the male monarch did non demo his support for reform by naming 50 extra equals. When he did n't, Lord Grey resigned. Undeterred, the male monarch made an attempt to put up a Tory disposal that advocated a more moderate reform by reappointing Wellington to make a new authorities. This experiment did non hold the expected consequences and Wellington, recognizing that he could non sit a Front Bench of protagonists, ended his effort to take office. Having no other option, the male monarch sent for Grey who retook his station and rapidly moved to present another measure. Equally shortly as he was made cognizant that the King ‘s had come to an understanding with Grey and his Whig demands, Lord Althorp was reported to hold said: â€Å" It completes the revolution. †[ 7 ] Again, the Reform Act was the starting point of this revolution but its impact on future reform can non be understated. Talking to the House of Commons on February 28, 1859, Benjamin Disraeli makes mention to its impact by stating that â€Å" If we judge of the Act of 1832 by its effects†¦ it must be admitted that that policy was equal to the exigency it controlled and directed. †[ 8 ]There was no great public call for reform in 1867 and what small there was had no existent organisation behind it. What small call for alteration there was out at that place was non concentrated on any individual step for political reform.[ 9 ]Furthermore, the issue of reform played small portion in the election of 1865, which indicated a general satisfaction with the bing state of affairs.[ 10 ]Seven old ages after Disraeli ‘s address on March 12, 1866, William Gladstone made similar mention to 1832 while presenting his measure when he said â€Å" It may be said, and said really genu inely that at the clip there was a political heat and exhilaration, and a grade of apprehensiveness which do non now existaˆÂ ¦ †[ 11 ] The rudimentss of the Reform Act of 1832 were that it enfranchised the in-between category. This meant that they could form as a political force. Power had been passed from the little figure of elect whose ascendants had entitled them to a more commercially minded, progressive base and broke the old landholders ‘ clasp on power. If Nelson ‘s triumph at Trafalgar saved Britain from Gallic invasion and is considered a decisive event of the 19th century, so the reform act should be considered merely as worthy since it saved Britain from violent revolution from within. Phillips and Wetherell repeat an article in a 1836 issue of the Westminster Review that sang the congratulations for the measure by stating â€Å" The passing of the Reform Bill was our pickings of the Bastille ; it was the first act of our great political alteration. †[ 12 ] Phillips and Wetherell offer inside informations to the consequence the original measure. Prior to passage of the measure, the people entitled to vote is difficult to gauge because there was no signifier of enrollment â€Å" but the best-informed estimations suggest that instantly before the Reform Bill more than 400,000 Englishmans held a franchise of some kind. †[ 13 ]This figure comes out of a population in the England and Wales that was estimated to be merely about 14 million at the 1831 nose count.[ 14 ]The public permitted to vote so, represents merely 2.86 per centum of the population in 1831. In its concluding signifier nevertheless, the Great Reform Act â€Å" expanded the entire electorate in surplus of 650, 000, † which is an accurate sum â€Å" because of the infliction of a national system of enrollment. †[ 15 ]The addition of 250,000 new constituency members seems little out of the entire population but represented a 62.5 per centum addition in the figure of electors. Without uncertainty, the Reform Act of 1867 permitted more electors. The 1861 nose count shows merely over 20 million people lived in England and Wales which is an addition of four million people in 30 old ages. The Reform Act passed six old ages subsequently â€Å" added 938,427 new electors to the axial rotation, more than four times the figure enfranchised in 1832. †[ 16 ]It is difficult to accept as true that parliament in 1867 would hold been in favour of a measure that enfranchised the in-between category and the on the job category at the same clip which would hold been the instance if there was no 1832 Act. Without it, there would hold been an addition of over one and a half million new electors in a individual act of parliament. Whatever the addition in electors was, it was the figure of seats in the authorities that should be considered of import and here is where the Act of 1832 made a bigger impact. Prior to 1832, the landed nobility controlled Parliament, along with â€Å" icky boroughs, † parliamentary communities that had decreased in size but still elected members to the House of Commons. The reform measure did off with those icky boroughs as â€Å" rightists in Parliament advocated the riddance of rotten constituencies and the transportation of their seats to the more healthy county constituencies. †[ 17 ]It caused 56 boroughs to be wholly disfranchised. It besides included 31 extra boroughs that had less than four-thousand dwellers ended up losing one of their two M.P.s.[ 18 ]The entire figure of seats affected in 1832 so, was 143, a considerable sum more than in 1867 where the figure was 52 boroughs. This displacement in seats in 1832 efficaciously ended the blue monopoly on authorities and if one wanted to keep it, he would hold to depend on the support of the in-between category. The Act of 1867 did nil to change this as the representation ratio remained virtually the same as it had been with the 1832 act. Herrick considers this place and comes up with an effectual manner of thought by stating â€Å" In other words, the boroughs, where the new voters were most legion, were given a slightly smaller portion of the representation in parliament, and the counties, where a much smaller figure were enfranchised, received a larger portion.[ 19 ] The Reform Act of 1832 enfranchised homeowners who paid a annual rent of at least 10 lbs. That meant that about half of the in-between category and all of the working category malice of everything were still without a ballot. This was acceptable to the Whigs, who felt that those entitled to vote should be expected to utilize that privilege in an informed and responsible manner.[ 20 ] Seen from a current point of position, 1832 can be seen as an imperative gateway to a full representative parliamentary democracy. Subsequent reform was to follow and it would spread out the ballot to adult male homeowners in 1867 and produced blue-collar bulks in a batch of urban communities. The Third Reform Act of 1884 extended the franchise even further passing the ballot to mineworkers and many farm labourers. Wasson explains that â€Å" although it has been argued that the 1832 act had no necessary wake, † one can see â€Å" clearly the importance of the impact of reform on the relationship between members of Parliament and their components. †[ 21 ]He goes on to explicate how â€Å" The decisive minute in blue resignation came with the first measure and non with the 2nd. † There is no uncertainty that future steps were bound to go on and there can be no inquiry that their success be would come as a consequence of the first Act. Neither the Acts of 1832 or 1867 were perfect, there were issues with both, while the 1832 act was a beginning, 1867 was supposed to repair the issues left by the earlier act. The 1867 Reform Act contained unjust characteristics of its ain. The existent consequence of this inequality is evident when the re-distribution clauses are considered.[ 22 ]The unequal redistribution of seats in 1867 in malice of everything left citizens in the Midlands, London and countries of the North without adequate power to talk for them in Parliament. The unequal allotment of seats still favored the landowning categories who were able to pull strings the representation of the smaller borough seats. The old ages before and after the Great Reform Act of 1832 were critical minutes in the patterned advance of Britain accomplishing societal equality. This alteration was started with the motion to establish the rights of spiritual minorities. Soon, nevertheless, governmental reform took on a life of its ain and led to a cardinal interruption down in the constitutional order of Britain. However, such extremist steps as undertaken by parliament at the clip, were able to rectify most of the jobs and electoral corruptness would be eliminated and pureness and virtuousness restored to the full electoral procedure.[ 23 ] The Reform Act of 1832 deserves to be classified as great for a smattering grounds. The chief purpose of its blue Godheads was to free the representative system of untenable characteristics, and to bring forth a better representation in the House of Commons of the belongings and intelligence of the state.[ 24 ]With this accomplished, it reduced of the figure of nomination boroughs conveying about a new footing of order in political relations. The reform reshaped the political landscape accidentally ; it introduced a new political system by by chance changing the relationship between elections, electors, and the parliamentary parties.[ 25 ] The Reform Act may be seen as the terminal of the old order. However, its illustriousness is in the fact that it was done with future reform in head and it was done instead peacefully. The dominant nobility, still in control of the State, had acted, in some respects against its ain sectional involvements, to reform the Constitution by Act of Parliament, without revolution or civil war.[ 26 ]The measure did non stop nobility but it was â€Å" the first and most of import measure in the nobility ‘s supplanting. †[ 27 ]Future reform including the Act of 1867 was of import but there is no uncertainty that â€Å" The decisive minute in blue resignation came with the first measure and non with the 2nd. Subsequent steps may non hold been inevitable, but they were made possible. †[ 28 ] While non all inclusive, the Great Reform Act started Britain on the route to a better signifier of authorities. The first measure of acknowledging that representation was flawed and coming to the belief that the in-between category deserved a voice in their authorities was the most of import factor that guided subsequent reform. By the terminal of the 19th century, Britain was in front of her European neighbours when it came to democratic representation due to the fresh 1832 spring in the dark.

Compunds and Mixtures in baking essays

Compunds and Mixtures in baking essays The ingredients for my recipe were as following 2 sticks of butter, 2 2/3 cup of sugar, 6 eggs, and  ¼ tablespoon of baking soda, 1 cup of sour cream, 3 cup plain flour and 1 tablespoon of vanilla. To make pound cake you have to do everything exactly like the recipe says. First I went to the store and bought all the ingredients I needed for the pound cake. Once everything was in order I started the mixing process. First I had to cream butter and sugar together. Add one egg at a time, mixing well. Stir baking soda into sour cream. Add flour and vanilla. Bake at 300 degrees farenhieght for 1 hour then continue to bake at 325 for 15 minutes. The pound cake mixture is a very white color but after it is cooked it is a tan or brownish color (depends on how long you cook it). When in the mixtures stage the pound cake is not that tasty but after it is cooked it tastes very well. The taste goes form a flour taste to more of a vanilla and sugar taste. Also when in mixture stage the pound cake is a liquid but after cooked the top part becomes a solid. This recipe is all mixtured such as when you mix the baking soda into the sour cream the baking soda is still baking soda but has taken on a new form. Most of the elements combined by dissolving or being mixed to the point that they are so small you cant even tell they are there. Once cooked all the components of the pound cake mixed together tightly to form the shape of the tin holder that the pound cake is in. ...

How to Use the French Word Du Tout

How to Use the French Word Du Tout The French word du tout, which is pronounced, du too, means (not) at all. It has a normal register. Usage The French expression du tout emphasizes a negative word, most commonly the negative adverb pas. When used with pas, du tout can be placed either right after it or else at the end of the sentence; the latter is a bit more forceful. Je naime pas du tout courir. / Je naime pas courir du tout. I dont like running at all.Il na pas du tout changà ©. / Il na pas changà © du tout. He hasnt changed at all.Elle na pas du tout didà ©es. / Elle na pas didà ©es du tout. She doesnt have any ideas at all. In response to a question, du tout can be used on its own or with pas to mean not/none at all. Veux-tu aller au cinà ©Ã‚  ? -Du tout. / Pas du tout. Do you want to go to the movies? -Not at all.Tu nas pas dargent  ? -Du tout. / Pas du tout. You dont have any money? -None at all. Du tout can also be used with other negative words: Il na rien fait du tout ce matin. He did nothing at all / He did absolutely nothing this morning.Personne du tout nà ©tait la plage. There was no one at all / There was absolutely no one at the beach.  Il ny a plus du tout de cafà ©. Theres no coffee left at all.Elle est partie sans pleurer du tout. She left without crying at all.

Philosophy of Science and Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Philosophy of Science and Religion - Essay Example Hume has presented three characters that he has given different positions to represent on the issue. The three characters are in a conversational dialogue. Demea is given the responsibility to argue for religious Orthodoxy. He reasons that there is no way an individual can come to understand God’s nature through reason. He vehemently believes that no one can ever know God’s nature at all cost since God’s nature is characteristically beyond the comprehension of human beings. Philo, a philosophical skeptic concurs with Demea in his reasoning that God cannot be comprehended by human beings. However, he goes ahead to give convincing opinions for his position. Cleanthes on the other hand argue according to empirical theism- the notion that individuals can understand about God through reasoning from all the evidence that has been presented by nature (Hume 80). He argues against Demea and Philo. His empirical theism belief is based on the design argument which states th at the beauty and complexity of the universe can be explained only by speculating the existence of one intelligent designer, who in this case is God. In part XII of the dialogues, Philo and Cleanthes are alone. Philo makes use of this opportunity to make a revelation of what he truly thinks, regarding the entire discussion. Surprisingly, he confesses that he believes in the existence of the design argument. He argues that it is not possible to disregard the fact that all creatures in nature have a purpose they are to serve, nothing was created in vain and that everything is being done in the best and comprehensible manner possible (Hume 82). He implies that all the above tenets guide everyone’s scientific reasoning, and they point out to the conclusion that an author of the order exists. He also argues that theists believe that both God and human beings both have brains; however, God’s mind

Databases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Databases - Essay Example Relational Databases A relational database model refers to a database, which has been set up in such a way that the data in the tables is easily accessed and retrieved by the user when the need arises. This is the data model, which is mostly preferred when it comes to setting up and storing data as opposed to other models such as relational database models and the networked model. In the recent past. This model has been widely implemented in thing such as storage of financial records among others. The main reason why databases that take up this model are more on demand is due to their relative ease of understanding. This is despite the fact that they are not very much efficient. The inefficiency, which is associated with this database model, is however, covered up by the fact that computers that are in use in the present day are more powerful as compared to back then when the power in computing had not been realized. Normalization There is another aspect, which comes up when dealing with databases. This is to do with the normalization of data in the database. Normalization refers to that process through which the fields and the tables that are existent in a relational database are organized in an orderly manner for the purpose of minimizing the redundancies and inefficiencies that may arise. What happens in this case is that a large table may be decomposed into several smaller and less redundant tables. At the same time, the relationships that are present in these tables are further defined. The main reason why the database can be broken down into several tables with relationships between them is for easy updating. In this case, the data is isolated so that a change in one area, in this case the change being a deletion, modification or updating of data is done on only one table as opposed to all the tables in the database. The change, which is orchestrated on one table, is performed on all the tables that are in the relationship. The aspect of efficiency and re duced redundancy comes up in this case. The user is in a position to handle the data in the database is a more organized and easier manner. When it comes to normalization, there is the first normal form, the second normal form and the third normal form. The third normal form tables are usually the ones, which are majorly free from any anomalies, which may come up when handling data. The main reason why normalization is required to make the database free from undesirable dependencies such as deletion and updating. It is also needed for the purpose of making the relational database model more informative to the average user. Logical Database Design This refers to the development of the database while defining the dependencies and relationships that may come up in the database. The data and information, which is gained in the process, is then arranged in a logical manner and transferred into those objects of storage, which are supported by the database. These storage objects in the cas e of a relational database refers to the tables into which there are rows and columns/ Physical Database Design The physical design of the database is more concerned with the structuring of the data onto the storage space together with its configuration. There is a lot of detailed information, which is developed in the process. An example in this case is the definition of data elements and the indexing option among various others. More detailed specifications of the system are developed in this case.

Marketing Information Of Slip Safe Australia Essay

Marketing Information Of Slip Safe Australia - Essay Example   The product is available in different colors such as and dark gray. The backing materials of the product include color bound stainless steel and zinc aluminum (Slip Safe Australia, 2015a).   Customers  The organization mainly deals with other business locations. The major consumers of the product are the tile shops, health care locations, old age care locations, shopping malls, residential apartments and hotels and restaurants such as Blue Nursing Service, Tweed Heads & Kingscliffe, John Flynn Hospital, and Grand Mercure Hotel. The product is highly considered by various local councils. A number of schools, clubs, pubs and swimming pool locations also prefer to utilize the Safety Plates and Step Edges product of the organization (Slip Safe Australia, 2015b). Competitors  The market of Australia possesses a number of slip prevention service organizations that have increased the competition for the Safety Plates and Step Edges product line of the organization. The competitors within the market include Anti Slip, General Staircase and Stair Care.   There are few stair designing companies which are also providing stair nosing facility such as OzStairs. The price competition is very high within the industry as most of the leading players are providing competitive prices. In this scenario, Safety Plates and Step Edges of Slip Safe can be considered to be higher priced which restricts the organization to achieve a competitive position (Riazi, et al., 2012).

Coming to Terms Essay Example for Free

Coming to Terms Essay Her argument was based fully on fast food restaurants adopting ideas from fine dining restaurants . Falk inserts an inordinate amount of her own feelings on the topic and doesn’t analyze the subject as well as she should have. She focuses mainly on the fast food business while lacking in her analysis of fine dining. She also should have made the paper more about what caused the changes in the restaurant business instead of the changes themselves. In the essay Falk has many examples of foods and restaurants that have changed and became noticed for their modern style, such as Panera Bread and Chipotle. She appeals to a large audience by adding examples many people can relate too. On the other hand, her article is extremely biased in multiple ways. She makes too many generalizations that may not particularly be true in some cases. For example she states, â€Å" the fact that people today hate to make choices, preferring to have the best of both worlds † (Falk,33). This may not be exactly true for everyone. She uses the previous quote to support her argument in saying that since people are so indecisive quick casual would be a good alternative. Another instance is when she states, â€Å"There are significantly more calories at table service restaurants† (Falk, 35). The prior quote shows her bias towards dine-in restaurants because she only uses negative examples of fine dining. Furthermore, her essay is very restricted. She aims her essay towards adults and college students with her use of language and examples of certain restaurants; But a lot of her writing makes you think otherwise. The core of her essay is stating that quick casual is the new alternative to fine and fast food dining. Though she never takes into consideration the ideas of being a vegetarian or that college students have dining halls or even the fact that not all people eat out. She had good arguments but they did not affect the people they were meant to affect. One of her main argumentative statements is at the very end of her essay when she says, â€Å"The country is focused on problems with obesity and poor eating habits .. until major changes are made, food prepared at home will almost always be healthier than food eaten away from home† (Falk,36) . These type of statements should have been more prominent in the essay, she only brings up this type of conflict in the last paragraph and nowhere else. By tying in the eating at home or the obesity aspect more, she would have had a strong argument. As mention earlier, if she touched on all the aspects possible that would have made her essay more relevant Some of her most outstanding focuses were â€Å"Trend Mapping† and the â€Å"Trickle Down Theory†. Trend mapping helps culinary experts predict which menu items will be popular in the future. The trickle down theory helps quick casual restaurants enhance their menu with more fine dining dishes. These ideas help customers make smart choices. I was impressed with her inclusion of these two innovations because they go right along with her topic and fit into the main idea . Even though her essay was poorly structured at some points, there were also some good points throughout. I feel that her style was very laid back and readable because she used places her target audience have been and can relate to, as examples. Brenda Falk creates this article with the objective of describing the many similarities between the food industry and that the in between â€Å"quick casual† style is the most convenient. She successfully describes these similarities and elaborates on the new innovative style but never fully creates a legitimate argument. If she discussed more on the topic of eating at home or the factor of money or even brought in some positives of fine dining, that could have created a stronger argument. She has a great sense of organization and style but needs to focus more on her analysis of the topic.

Alas Babylon Critique :: essays research papers

Critique Alas Babylon, by Pat frank, is a story that revolves round the actions of a single idea, survival. This is reflected in his choice of the title in itself. It is a phrase that is repeated several times in the book, and brings a sense of uneasiness each time. These words come from a part of the â€Å"Revelations of St. John, which describes the decadence of Babylon and the evils that surrounded it at the time (Pg.14-15).† The characters in this book, Mark, and Randy Bragg, began using this phrase from a preacher that they used to listen to as kids. â€Å"Randy and Mark never forgot preacher Henry’s thundering, and from it, they borrowed their private synonym for disaster, real or comic, past or future (Pg.15).†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is such a great pattern of impending death and destruction that awaits each character, which a city like Babylon is a perfect comparison to their world in which they live in. Babylon was once a city of many achievements and wonders, proving that they were far ahead of their time. This makes one wonder if it is possible that we are on the same path. â€Å"Sometimes Preacher Henry made Babylon sound like Miami, and sometimes like Tampa†¦(Pg.14)†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The phrase in its self could mean that we have at last reached our point of no return, and that there is no way back, it seems like such a solemn and definite statement that there can be no way out, when Mark says to Randy, ‘But if you hear â€Å"Alas Babylon,† you’ll know that’s it,(Pg.16)’ he means it as a last resort for help or great destruction is coming. Mark knows that there is no choice but to prepare for war, and a message that strong can only be expressed by words that significant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There couldn’t have been a better way to describe what the brothers were feeling at the time, two words ‘Alas, Babylon.’ The title was taken from a text that had been read and reread, and had given many interpretations. In the bible, the name Babylon comes with a association of power and strength. Pat Frank wanted to convey that same feeling to the readers, so he used a city that couldn’t be mistaken for anything else. Only few other events in history were as memorable as the fall of Babylon, so this means it has to be notorious.

Empirical Analysis of Internet User in Dhaka City

Empirical analysis of internet user in Dhaka city BY Md. Faisal BBA (Studying) 4th year Major in International Business Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka Email:faisal. [email  protected] com Customer Analysis A questionnaire survey method has been used to analyze the customer of internet services in Dhaka city. We basically tried to find the percentage of internet user, using pattern, nature of expenditure, satisfaction level, and the opportunity for a new business to enter into the market. The percentage of internet user in Dhaka City Among all respondents of our survey, 78% people use internet and the rest 22% do not use internet. This is given in the following graph: Figure1. 1: The percentage of internet user in Dhaka City From the above figure, we can easily understand the percentage of internet user in Dhaka City. Among all 78%user, majority are students, businessman, and private employee. On the other hand among all 22%non user, majority are government employee, small and medium (SME) business owner. Using pattern There are many internet services provider in Dhaka City that provide different internet package. As a result the using pattern of people is different. Using pattern can be divided into the following categories: A) Forms of internet used by the people B) Brand preferences C) Package preference A) Forms of internet used by the people Internet can be divided into different forms. These are: (A1) Broadband internet (A2) Wireless Modem (A3) Mobile Internet (A4) Wi-Fi In Dhaka city, people use different forms of internet. The graphical figure of different forms used by the people is given below: Figure: 1. 2 Forms of internet used by the people (%) The figure (1. 2) shows that 74% people use wireless modem, 17% use broadband internet, 7%use mobile internet and 2% use Wi-Fi. This figure clearly mentions that people prefer wireless modem over broadband internet. The reasons are the following: (1)Wireless modem internet provides better speed than broadband. (2)Low connection Cost (3)Prepaid package (4)Suitable for both Desktop computer and the Laptop The people specially the university student have the facility to use Wi-Fi. The Wi-Fi coverage area is very limited in Dhaka City. Some people also use mobile interne B) Brand preferences Many companies in Dhaka city provide internet services. These are the followings: A)Broadband Services provider B)Banglalion Wimax C)Qubee D)Citycell E)Airtel F)Robi G)Banglalink H)GP People use Different Brand. Brand preferences are shown in the following graph: Figure: 1. 3 Brand Preferences The above figure shows that 17% people use broadband internet,30%use banglalion wimax,23%use qubee,7. 5%use citycell ,2. 5%use airtel,and20. 51%use Grameenphone (GP) internet. We can say from our survey that top two brands are banglalion and qubee. Others are the broadbandservics provider, GP, citycell and the airtel. C) Package preference There are many types of internet packages are available . People use different package based on their demand, cost structure, and brand preferences. The following graph shows the different packages used by the people: Figure: 1. 3 package preferences According to the figure 1. 3, it is clear that 43. 5%people use unlimited package, 7. 39%people use internet minipac, 5. 51%people use a package that has limitations of more than 800MB. 35. 56% people use 800MB-1GB package, 7. 69% use 1-2. 5GB package. And 2. 56% use other package. Basically business man and rich people prefer unlimited package. On the other hand students and low income group normally prefer the rest of the package. So 56. 5% do not prefer unlimited package. So the internet services provider of Dhaka city must be careful about this issues while developing new packages. 3. 3: Nature of Expenditure Expenditure for using internet services can be divided into two parts. These are: 1. Initial Connection Charge 2. Monthly using charge 1. Initial connection Charge: If anyone wants to use internet services, first they have to pay for their connection. Connection charge varies from company to company. In Dhaka city the range of connection charge is BDT 1000-3500. 2. Monthly using Charge: Monthly using charge depends on the internet packages which are used by the internet user in Dhaka city. The following table shows the monthly for different packages: Packages Monthly Payment UnlimitedMore than 1000 taka Minipac internetLess than 250 taka 450MB-800MB250-300 taka 800MB-1GB300-350 taka 1GB-2. 5GB350-600taka 2. 5-5GB600-750taka Table 1. 1: Monthly using charge From table 1. 1 we have found that there is a correlation between the internet packages and monthly payment. When the using volume increases the monthly expenditure also increases. 3. 4: Satisfaction level When the people were asked whether they satisfied or not about their internet services, majority replied that they are not satisfied. The following figure shows the satisfaction level of the internet user in Dhaka city: Figure 1. 4: Satisfaction level of the Internet User in Dhaka City The above figure shows that 71. 79% internet users are dissatisfied with their current package. The rest 30. 76% are satisfied. The main reasons of Dissatisfaction are the slow browsing and download speed. From our survey, we found that 96% people get browsing speed less than 256kbps. Only 4% people get browsing speed more than 256kbps. In case of download speed, 30%people get speed less than 20kbps. 35. 89% people get the speed which range is 20-50kbps. 30. 6% people get the speed which range is 50-80kbps. And 5. 12% people get speed more than 100kbps. Because of these slow speeds the internet user has to spend long time to download anything from internet. It also increases their opportunity cost. So they are dissatisfied. Opportunity for a new business to enter into the market: â€Å"Is there any opportunity for a new business to enter into the market? † the answer is yes. The following arguments support this answer: Among all respondents of our survey, 78% people use internet and the rest 22% do not use internet. The user rate is very high. So we can say that the market is potential. Demand is there. Through analysis this demand, a new firm can enter into the market. When the people were asked whether they satisfied or not about their internet services, 71. 79% replied that they are not satisfied. But still they are using internet services. They want to get better. All will prefer high speed internet services. About 67. 85% people suggested to have unlimited packages and they are ready to pay on an average 750 taka per month for their packages. About 32. 15% people suggested having minimum 3GB internet packages and they are ready to pay on an average 350 taka per month for their packages. They are ready to switch their services if any company can satisfy their demand. If a new firm can think that they will satisfy the needs of the customer, they can easily enter into the market. The market is really potential. Many people do not use internet because of their low income level. The price of desktop computer or a laptop is high. But recently Bangladesh has produced its own laptop and notebook at more reasonable prices. The brand name is DOEL. Still now it is not available in the local market. Recently our government has said these laptop and notebook will be available in the market as early as possible. When these will be available in the market, the computer user will be increased. As a result the internet user will also be increased. So it will become an opportunity for a new business to enter into the market. The need of information is increasing rapidly. Internet is the major sources of information. Increasing information needs can be a major opportunity for a new business to enter into the market. The use of internet to market, sells, promote, or buy a product or services are increasing rapidly. This may be another opportunity for a new business to enter into the market.

The Role of Banking Sector in the Prevention of Money Laundering in Bangladesh

Chapter One Introduction 1. 0 INTRODUCTION Besides of development of Economic activities, monetary related crimes are also increasing in both developed and underdeveloped countries. Almost in each country illegal transaction of money has been increased & these illegal money has been also used on various illegal activities. Money laundering process refers to illegal receipt or transfer of fund from one place to another. This process involves not only the banking system of the country but also non-banking system.Bangladesh is moving towards an open economy with a small-magnetized sector by liberalizing the financial and economic policies. However, the money laundering mechanisms are creating problem for a country like Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bank as the Central bank of Bangladesh Supervise all the banking and non-banking financial transactions on behalf of Bangladesh Government. Money laundering process is a great obstacle to the execution of monetary policy adopted by Bangladesh bank t o stable the economy of the country.To prevent money laundering, money laundering prevention bill 2002 was passed in the National Assembly of Bangladesh on 5 April 2002 and Gazette Notification was made on 7 April 2002. And Bangladesh Bank has been designated to act as the main preventive agency. Money Laundering has serious adverse effect on Economical, Political & Social condition of a country. It increases unequal distribution of income and as a result, the employment level, output level of the country, price stability as well as economic development and growth can be hampered.So it is immediately required to prevent it. I believe it is a matter of great opportunity for me to study on this topic, as Money laundering, is a manifestation and a facilitator of organized crime, and has attracted increasing interest in our country. Due to money laundering process, desirable investment of the country cannot be done, national income declines and economic growth of the country hampers. 1. Background of Money LaunderingThe mafia mobster Al Capone is most often credited with coining term â€Å"money laundering† because he used investments in coin-operated Laundromats to disguise or â€Å"wash† the millions he made from bootlegging and other illegal enterprises during the Prohibition in the US-the banning of alcoholic drinks in the 20th century. It is also said that the term â€Å"laundering† is used because, years ago, the cash proceeds (in U. S. dollars) from drug sales were actually washed with soap and water to appear old and worn. Launderers would then go to the Federal Reserve Bank and exchange the â€Å"laundered† bills in for new bills.Along with the new bills came a fed receipt, which served to support the â€Å"legitimate† origin of the cash. The scam was finally identified when someone at the Fed realized that the serial numbers on the bills indicated that they should not be as old and worn as they appeared to be. The term first appeared in newspapers reporting the Watergate scandal in the US in 1973 and in judicial/legal contest in the US in 1982. Whilst the term â€Å"money laundering† was coined in the 20th century, it has been going on for several thousand years.The history of money laundering is interwoven with the history of trade and of banking. In 1986, the U. S. became the first country in the world to criminalize the â€Å"laundering† of the proceeds of criminal activity when it passed the U. S. money laundering law. The silk road which scholars say first became a real link around 100 BC, ran for 12,000 kilometers and linked some of the greatest civilizations the world has ever seen – the Chinese, Mongolian, Indian, Persian, Greek, Byzantine, Mesopotamian and Egyptian – transporting goods, people, ideas, religions and Money.Chinese inventions like gunpowder and paper first traveled to Europe in this manner. Along with many other things, Syrian jugglers and acrobat s, cosmetics, silver, gold, amber, ivory, carpets, perfume and glass from Europe, Central Asia, Arabia and Africa traveled to the east. It lasted until the 15th century when newly discovered sea routes to Asia opened up. Traditional method of moving money evolved before Western banking became established in the region protecting early merchants along the Silk Road against robbery.In ancient China it was known as â€Å"fei qian† or â€Å"flying coins†. The system spread throughout the world – to other Asian regions, the Indian Subcontinent, the Middle East, eastern and southern Africa, Europe and North and South America – following immigration patterns. These traditional money transfer systems are called as Chop, Hawala, Hundi, etc. 1970-The US Congress enacted the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) in October 1970 following increasing reports of people bringing bags full of illegally – obtained cash into banks for deposit.The BSA is simply a reporting and reco rd-keeping statute. Although willful violations of its terms are a crime; it does not criminalize money laundering as such. BSA requires banks –retain financial details, -report cash transactions over $ 10,000/-. Thus in 1986, the U. S. became the first country in the world to criminalize the â€Å"laundering† of the proceeds of criminal activity. Thus made money laundering a crime in its own right, and strengthened the BSA in several respects, most importantly by prohibiting â€Å"structuring†. 990 – The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) created by the US Treasury on April 25, initially to focus on the detection of financial crimes by providing analytical support to law enforcement investigations. In 1994, the agency would be given BSA regulatory responsibilities. 1992 – Annunzio-Wylie Money Laundering Act amended the BSA in several respects. Perhaps most important, required any financial institution, and its officers, directors, emplo yees and agents, â€Å"to report any suspicious transaction relevant to a possible violation of law or regulation. The Annunzio –Wylie Act, require all financial institutions to put in place, not only BSA compliance programs, but also anti-money laundering programs. At a minimum, the programs would be required to include: 1) The development of internal anti-money laundering policies, procedures and controls; 2) The designation of a compliance officer; 3) An ongoing employee training 4) An independent audit functions to test the program. At first U. S. A. has taken initiative to money laundering but now most of the countries of the world are aware about it. 2. Origin of the ReportThis Research Paper has been prepared for the partial fulfillment of Masters of Business Administration (MBA) Programme. For this purpose honorable teacher and supervisor Mr. Md. Nazrul Islam, Head of the Department of Business Administration, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet aske d to submit a proposal. After discussing with him about various issues of money laundering I have submitted a proposal on â€Å"The Role of Banking Sector in the Prevention of Money Laundering in Bangladesh † was submitted and then the final research paper is prepared. 3.Objective of the Paper The objective of the research paper is to help the students be familiar with how the theoretical knowledge obtained in the degree program can be applied in practice. Generally research is either problem identifying or problem solving tool. The objectives of the study are as follows: – 1. To understand the theoretical concepts of money laundering. 2. To show the present scenario of anti money laundering issues in Bangladesh. 3. To observe the policy development and maintenance by Bangladesh Bank as a supervisor of anti money laundering activities. 4.To figure out core procedures that Bangladesh Bank adopts to supervise the anti money laundering activities. 5. To comment on the exi sting system and recommend for improvement. 1. 4 Methodology Certain methods and techniques is utilized to collect data for this research paper. This study is mainly based on empirical as well as theoretical analysis. Collected data and information is tabulated, processed and analyzed critically in order to make the report informative. Both primary and secondary sources of data are chosen as effective means of collecting data relevant for this paper. . To prepare first part of the research paper secondary sources were used. Publications and database within Bangladesh Bank and others commercial bank helped me to get data about money laundering and its prevention. Various types of circular of Bangladesh Bank regarding money laundering exist in different commercial banks. This paper also required study of annual report, policy related circulars, and service rules, administrative circulars and other related papers. To get more information, I have also collected some books about money la undering and searched website. 2.Interview of the personnel from people within these relevant organizations was the basic technique to collect primary data. Informal discussion with executive connected with the planning and control works in the various levels of the Bangladesh Bank was needed. To collect data and to analyze these properly I have to be interviewed face to face with bank officials. . 5. Justification of the Research To prevent money laundering is very complex task especially in a country like Bangladesh where most of the citizens are illiterate and their economic bad condition inspired them to involve in illegal activities.This increases economic misery of the have-nots and concentrated wealth in the hands of 10% of the total population. The scope and scale of money laundering has increased over time and the process of addressing the problem has become complex because of the global nature of the problem. So cooperation among the law enforcing agencies, awareness of th e overall people of the country about its adverse effects, government strictness to avoid political interferences, all these are required to prevent it, that is, creation of wareness against money laundering is of highest importance at the moment. After about three months research with various money-laundering issues with Bangladesh Bank and Commercial Banks this paper is intended to fulfill course requirements of Masters of Business Administration. Bangladesh Bank, which is the authorized Bank to monitor all the banking and non-banking financial institutional activities, so I have worked on it in details. Beside this I have studied other operational areas of the commercial bank, which have enriched the level of my knowledge. . 6 Limitations Though this report provides the insights of Money Laundering in Bangladesh and the mechanisms by which Bangladesh Bank takes steps to prevent Money Laundering, it has some limitations as well. As the activities of money laundering are illegal, a ll of work is going on behind the sight of general public; it is hard to find out the adequate & real data. The organization on which was studied is the Central Bank of BANGLADESH, which is not a private or public bank of Bangladesh.The main limitation that faced during conducting the study was lack of access to information considered confidential by employees of central bank based on their policy and strategies. Chapter Two 2. 1 Brief History of Money Laundering The mafia mobster Al Capone is most often credited with coining term â€Å"money laundering† because he used investments in coin-operated Laundromats to disguise or â€Å"wash† the millions he made from bootlegging and other illegal enterprises during the Prohibition in the US-the banning of alcoholic drinks in the 20th century.It is also said that the term â€Å"laundering† is used because, years ago, the cash proceeds (in U. S. dollars) from drug sales were actually washed with soap and water to appea r old and worn. Launderers would then go to the Federal Reserve Bank and exchange the â€Å"laundered† bills in for new bills. Along with the new bills came a fed receipt, which served to support the â€Å"legitimate† origin of the cash. The scam was finally identified when someone at the Fed realized that the serial numbers on the bills indicated that they should not be as old and worn as they appeared to be.The term first appeared in newspapers reporting the Watergate scandal in the US in 1973 and in judicial/legal contest in the US in 1982. Whilst the term â€Å"money laundering† was coined in the 20th century, it has been going on for several thousand years. It is said that the abuse of Chinese merchants and others by oppressive regimes and despotic rulers led them to find ways to hide their wealth, including ways of moving it around without it being identified and confiscated. Money laundering in this sense was prevalent 4000 years before Christ.Many minori ties in countries down the ages and around the world have taken steps to preserve wealth from the rulers- either from blatant confiscation or from taxation and, indeed, from a combination of both, who have targeted them simply because of their beliefs or colour. It is happening even today. And, of course from those seeking to enforce judgments in civil cases or to follow the money that results from other crime. The history of money laundering is interwoven with the history of trade and of banking. In 1986, the U. S. ecame the first country in the world to criminalize the â€Å"laundering† of the proceeds of criminal activity when it passed the U. S. money laundering law. 2. 2 The Silk Road – Once World’s main commercial artery The silk road which scholars say first became a real link around 100 BC, ran for 12,000 kilometers and linked some of the greatest civilizations the world has ever seen – the Chinese, Mongolian, Indian, Persian, Greek, Byzantine, Me sopotamian and Egyptian – transporting goods, people, ideas, religions and Money. Heading west were porcelain, furs, spices, gems and other exotic products of Asia.Chinese inventions like gunpowder and paper first traveled to Europe in this manner. Along with many other things, Syrian jugglers and acrobats, cosmetics, silver, gold, amber, ivory, carpets, perfume and glass from Europe, Central Asia, Arabia and Africa traveled to the east. It lasted until the 15th century when newly discovered sea routes to Asia opened up. Traditional method of moving money evolved before Western banking became established in the region protecting early merchants along the Silk Road against robbery. In ancient China it was known as â€Å"fei qian† or â€Å"flying coins†.The system spread throughout the world – to other Asian regions, the Indian Subcontinent, the Middle East, eastern and southern Africa, Europe and North and South America – following immigration patte rns. These traditional money transfer systems are called as Chop, Hawala, Hundi, etc. 2. 3 History of Criminalizing Money Laundering 1970-The US Congress enacted the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) in October 1970 following increasing reports of people bringing bags full of illegally – obtained cash into banks for deposit. The BSA is simply a reporting and record-keeping statute.Although willful violations of its terms are a crime, it does not criminalize money laundering as such. BSA requires banks –retain financial details, -report cash transactions over $ 10,000/-. 1974 –although the BSA is accepted now, its constitutionality was originally challenged in the courts by elements of the banking community and some civil libertarians. BSA was challenged on a number of grounds. In California Bankers Assn . v. Shultz, 416 U. S. 21 (1974) Supreme Court rejected claims that various parts of the BSA violated constitutional rights. 986 – Growth, seriousness of the problem of Money Laundering, and of widespread non-compliance with the BSA, led to the enactment of the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986. Thus in 1986, the U. S. became the first country in the world to criminalize the â€Å"laundering† of the proceeds of criminal activity. Thus made money laundering a crime in its own right, and strengthened the BSA in several respects, most importantly by prohibiting â€Å"structuring†. 1990 – The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) created by the US Treasury on April 25, initially to focus on the detection of financial rimes by providing analytical support to law enforcement investigations. In 1994, the agency would be given BSA regulatory responsibilities. 1992 – Annunzio-Wylie Money Laundering Act amended the BSA in several respects. Perhaps most important, required any financial institution, and its officers, directors, employees and agents, â€Å"to report any suspicious transaction relevant to a possible v iolation of law or regulation. † The Annunzio –Wylie Act, require all financial institutions to put in place, not only BSA compliance programs, but also anti-money laundering programs. At a minimum, the programs would be required to include: ) the development of internal anti-money laundering policies, procedures and controls; 2) the designation of a compliance officer; 3) an ongoing employee training 4) an independent audit functions to test the program. 2. 4 Why Money Laundering is done? Criminals engage in money laundering for three main reasons: First, money represents the lifeblood of the organization that engages in criminal conduct for financial gain because it covers operating expenses, replenishes inventories, purchases the services of corrupt officials to escape detection and further the interests of the illegal enterprise, and pays for an extravagant lifestyle.To spend money in these ways, criminals must make the money they derived illegally appear legitimate . Second, a trail of money from an offense to criminals can become incriminating evidence. Criminals must obscure or hide the source of their wealth or alternatively disguise ownership or control to ensure that illicit proceeds are not used to prosecute them. Third, the proceeds from crime often become the target of investigation and seizure. To shield ill- gotten gains from suspicion and protect them from seizure, criminals must conceal their existence or, alternatively, make them ook legitimate. 2. 5 Why we must combat Money Laundering Money laundering has potentially devastating economic, security, and social consequences. Money laundering is a process vital to making crime worthwhile. It provides the fuel for drug dealers, smugglers, terrorists, illegal arms dealers, corrupt public officials, and others to operate and expand their criminal enterprises. This drives up the cost of government due to the need for increased law enforcement and health care expenditures (for example, f or treatment of drug addicts) to combat the serious consequences that result.Crime has become increasingly international in scope, and the financial aspects of crime have become more complex due to rapid advances in technology and the globalization of the financial services industry. Money laundering diminishes government tax revenue and therefore indirectly harms honest taxpayers. It also makes government tax collection more difficult. This loss of revenue generally means higher tax rates than would normally be the case if the untaxed proceeds of crime were legitimate. We also pay more taxes for public works expenditures inflated by corruption.And those of us who pay taxes pay more because of those who evade taxes. So we all experience higher costs of living than we would if financial crime—including money laundering—were prevented. Money laundering distorts asset and commodity prices and leads to misallocation of resources. For financial institutions it can lead to a n unstable liability base and to unsound asset structures thereby creating risks of monetary instability and even systemic crises. The loss of credibility and investor confidence that such crises can bring has the potential of destabilizing financial systems, particularly in smaller economies.One of the most serious microeconomic effects of money laundering is felt in the private sector. Money launderers often use front companies, which co-mingle the proceeds of illicit activity with legitimate funds, to hide the ill-gotten gains. These front companies have access to substantial illicit funds, allowing them to subsidize front company products and services at levels well below market rates. This makes it difficult, if not impossible, for legitimate business to compete against front companies with subsidized funding, a situation that can result in the crowding out of private sector business by criminal organizations.No one knows exactly how much â€Å"dirty† money flows through the world's financial system every year, but the amounts involved are undoubtedly huge. The International Money Fund has estimated that the magnitude of money laundering is between 2 and 5 percent of world gross domestic product, or at least USD 800 billion to USD1. 5 trillion. In some countries, these illicit proceeds dwarf government budgets, resulting in a loss of control of economic policy by governments. Indeed, in some cases, the sheer magnitude of the accumulated asset base of laundered proceeds can be used to corner markets — or even small economies.Among its other negative socioeconomic effects, money laundering transfers economic power from the market, government, and citizens to criminals. Furthermore, the sheer magnitude of the economic power that accrues to criminals from money laundering has a corrupting effect on all elements of society. The social and political costs of laundered money are also serious as laundered money may be used to corrupt national instit utions. Bribing of officials and governments undermines the moral fabric in society, and, by weakening collective ethical standards, corrupts our democratic institutions.When money laundering goes unchecked, it encourages the underlying criminal activity from which such money is generated. Nations cannot afford to have their reputations and financial institutions tarnished by an association with money laundering, especially in today's global economy. Money laundering erodes confidence in financial institutions and the underlying criminal activity — fraud, counterfeiting, narcotics trafficking, and corruption — weaken the reputation and standing of any financial institution. Actions by banks to prevent money laundering are not only a regulatory requirement, but also an act of self- interest.A bank tainted by money laundering accusations from regulators, law enforcement agencies, or the press risk likely prosecution, the loss of their good market reputation, and damaging the reputation of the country. It is very difficult and requires significant resources to rectify a problem that could be prevented with proper anti-money-laundering controls. It is generally recognized that effective efforts to combat money laundering cannot be carried out without the co-operation of financial institutions, their supervisory authorities and the law enforcement agencies.Accordingly, in order to address the concerns and obligations of these three parties, these Guidance Notes were drawn up. 2. 6 Techniques in Money Laundering There are diversified method of money laundering which ranges from the purchase and resale of a luxury item (e. g. a house, car, or jewelry) to passing money through a complex web of legitimate businesses and ‘shall’ companies (i. e. those companies that primarily exist only as named legal entities without any trading business activities). Basically 3 stages, which may comprise numerous transactions by the launderers-Placement†”the physical disposal of the initial proceeds (derived from illegal activity). 1. Breaking up of large amounts of cash into smaller amounts. 2. Depositing the cash in bank and subsequently transferring the same amount from one bank to another, preferably, in abroad. 3. Exchanging into a foreign currency and subsequently conversion into local currency. 4. Cash purchase of single premium insurance policy or other investment. 5. Cash purchase of costly items like jewelry, diamond, car, aircraft, and boats etc as an alternatives to cash. 6.Injecting the cash in business like hotels, restaurants, bars, casinos, bookmakers, travel agency, taxi firm etc. which handle considerable cash in day-to-day operation. Layering—creation of complex layers of financial transactions for disguising the audit trail and provide secrecy. 1. Purchase & sale of securities and commodities via brokers. 2. Conversion into monetary instruments like BCD, TC, BONDs. 3. Electronic funds transfer-very freq uently. 4. Making deposit in outstation bank branches or overseas banking system. 5. Sale & purchase of material assets between some fictitious persons/associates.Integration – the laundered proceeds are set back into the economy in such a way that they re-enter the financial system appearing as normal business funds/legal money. Identification of illicit source becomes next to impossible. 1. Falsification (over/under invoicing) of invoicing/export. 2. Deployment of fund in ‘shell’ company and recoup the as legitimate profit. 3. Taking aid of corrupt bank employees and obtaining bank loan by depositing illicit money as security. 4. False loan repayment. 5. Taking aid of E-cash, which enables to move vast amount of money instantly with just a few keystrokes. . 7 Moving Money Abroad Legitimate purposes-are for moving money abroad: (1) to invest, (2) to speculate, (3) to lend, (4) to meet trading/personal obligations and (5) to safeguard assets against theft or seiz ure by repressive regimes. But a criminal moves money abroad for- (1) Dealing in arms & ammunition, (2) Drug trafficking, (3) Financing terrorist activities, (4) Evasion of exchange regulations/control, (5) Evasion of taxation, (6) Disguise or remove proceeds of threat/fraud/bribe, (7) Making blackmail payments and (8) Paying ransom for kidnappers.The banking system remains one of the most important avenues for money launderers. The use of bearer certificate of deposit, bank drafts, wire transfers to transmit funds internationally and establishment of loan back scheme are commonly used as banking instruments around the world. New methods are constantly being used to avoid detection. These may include simple measures as â€Å"Smurfing† or Structuring that is making numerous small deposits which would fall below a suspicious cash transaction report, using relatives, third party or false names on accounts or more sophisticated measures such as use of shell companies.A recent stu dy by FATF found increasing use of non-bank financial institutions (Money Changers, remittance business etc. ) to provide services attractive to launderers since these institutions are subject to fewer regulatory requirements than banks. Because of increasing profit from the drug trafficking and other criminal enterprises, money launderers are adopting new techniques, employing specialized expertise who can provide sophisticated methods of laundering and various other financial services.Techniques used include false invoicing (over- invoicing, under- invoicing), commingling of legal and illegal money, the use of bank loan arrangements (whereby the launderer transfers proceeds to another country and use them as security for a bank loan, which is sent back to original country) and layers of transactions through off-shore shell companies. In addition, a significant amount of illegal proceeds has been invested in real estate. However, because of the introduction of anti-money laundering counter measures in different countries, money launderers constantly seek new ways to circumvent regulation.Methods that work tend to be replicated in different locations or may be used with some modifications. 2. 7. 1 Underground Banking (Alternative Remittance System) There has also of under ground or alternative banking system commonly known as ‘Hawala’ or Hundi in the sub-continent. This system works without a paper trail. A ‘Hawala’ bankers issue neither a written receipt for the sum received nor an order for payment. What he does, make a firm verbal commitment to the seller of dollars to make an equivalent taka payment at the agreed rate of exchange, through his agent in the particular country.Then he sends a coded message to his agent containing the designated recipients name and time, date and address for the payment. Why people resort to underground banking a. Socio-economic & political reasons b. Higher returns c. Anonymity d. No available bankin g channel e . Avoidance of local taxes f. Illiteracy/Semi-literacy Advantages of Hundi/Hawala: a. No paper trail b. No bureaucracy c. Cost effective d. No body is the loser and e. No holiday-very fast delivery [pic] Figure 1. Basic sequence of communication and payment in an alternative remittanceThe Chinese have a similar system known as ‘fie chien’ or flying money. This system, sometimes known as ‘Chit’ system involved depositing money in one country in exchange for chit or a chop (i. e. a seal) and remittance of this money in another country on presentation of the chit. It is fast and convenient, does not involve the transportation of bank cash, leaves little trail for investigators, has virtue of anonymity and the costs are fairly low. The main negative consequence of money laundering can have on the financial system.A large-scale money laundering operation may put at the risk of smaller nation’s financial system through loss of credibility and i nvestor’s confidence. The victims of the bank’s malpractice were the depositors and the government in developing countries. 2. 7. 2 Electronic Money Laundering Criminals are always looking for â€Å"a new type of detergent which allows for cleaner laundry† (Bortner, 1996). They have been quick to exploit each new method of financial transfer. In the 1980s and 1990s wire transfers became a popular method for moving money in both the legal and illegal sectors.By 2000 we may see the same situation with e-money. The abuse of e-money by money launderers may become a significant problem in the future because e-money systems will be attractive to money launderers for two reasons: 1. Transactions may become untraceable; and 2. Transactions are incredibly mobile. Untraceability |E-money systems may provide Organized Crime with untraceable, | |mobile wealth. | The use of e-money systems will mean fewer face-to-face financial transactions.The anonymity of e-money will make â€Å"knowing your customer† much more difficult. E-money systems also allow the parties to the transaction to deal with each other directly, without the assistance of a regulated financial institution. Thus, there may not be a traditional audit trail. Mobility Hypothetically, e-money could come from anywhere in the world, and be sent anywhere in the world. Thus, e-money systems may offer instantaneous transfer of funds over a network that, in effect, is not subject to any jurisdictional restrictions.The problem may be illustrated by separating the process of money laundering into three basic steps – placement, layering and integration – and then comparing traditional money laundering systems with cyber-systems. The first step in money laundering is the physical disposal of cash. Traditionally, placement might be accomplished by depositing the cash in domestic banks or other kinds of financial institutions. Or the cash might be smuggled across borders for depos it in foreign accounts, or used to buy high-value goods, such as artwork, airplanes, or precious metals and gems, that can then be resold with payment by cheque or bank transfer.With e-money laundering, cash may be deposited into an unregulated financial institution. Placement may be easily achieved using a smart card or personal computer to buy foreign currency, goods, etc. Powerful encryption may be used to guarantee the anonymity of e-money transactions. The second step, layering, involves working through complex layers of financial transactions to distance the illicit proceeds from their source and disguise the audit trail. This phase traditionally involves such transactions as the wire transfer of deposited cash, the conversion of deposited cash into monetary instruments (e. . , bonds, stocks, travelers' cheques), the resale of high-value goods and monetary instruments, and investment in real estate and legitimate businesses, particularly in the leisure and tourism industries. Shell companies, typically registered in offshore havens, are a popular device in the traditional layering phase. These companies, whose directors are often local attorneys acting as nominees, protect the identity of the real owners. These owners also benefit from restrictive bank secrecy laws and attorney-client privilege In an electronic-money system, layering can be done through a personal computer.There is usually no audit trail. In addition, e-money systems allow for instantaneous transfer of funds over a system that, in effect, has no borders. The last step is to make the wealth derived from crime appear legitimate. Traditionally, integration might involve any number of techniques, including using front companies to â€Å"lend† the money back to the owner or using funds on deposit in foreign financial institutions as security for domestic loans. Another common technique is over-invoicing, or producing false invoices for goods sold – or supposedly sold – ac ross borders.In e-money laundering the criminal may be able to achieve integration by using a personal computer to pay for investments or to buy an asset, without having to call on the services of an intermediary financial institution. In short, the temptation of electronic forms of money for the criminal may be the potential for untraceable, mobile wealth. 2. 8 Vulnerability of the Financial System to Money Laundering Money laundering is often thought to be associated solely with banks and moneychangers. All financial institutions, both banks and non-banks, are susceptible to money laundering activities.Whilst the traditional banking processes of deposit taking, money transfer systems and lending do offer a vital laundering mechanism, particularly in the initial conversion from cash, it should be recognized that products and services offered by other types of financial and non-financial sector businesses are also attractive to the launderer. The sophisticated launderer often involv es many other unwitting accomplices such as currency exchange houses, stock brokerage houses ,gold dealers, real estate dealers, insurance companies, trading companies and others selling high value commodities and luxury goods.Certain points of vulnerability have been identified in the laundering process, which the money launderer finds difficult to avoid, and where his activities are therefore more susceptible to being recognized. These are:  ¦ entry of cash into the financial system;  ¦ cross-border flows of cash; and  ¦ Transfers within and from the financial system. Financial institutions should consider the money laundering risks posed by the products and services they offer, particularly where there is no face-to-face contact with the customer, and devise their procedures with due regard to that risk.Although it may not appear obvious that the products might be used for money laundering purposes, vigilance is necessary throughout the financial system to ensure that weakn esses cannot be exploited. Banks and other Financial Institutions conducting relevant financial business in liquid products are clearly most vulnerable to use by money launderers, particularly where they are of high value. The liquidity of some products may attract money launderers since it allows them quickly and easily to move their money from one product to another, mixing lawful and illicit proceeds and integrating them into the legitimate economy.All banks and non-banking financial institutions, as providers of a wide range of money transmission and lending services, are vulnerable to being used in the layering and integration stages of money laundering as well as the placement stage. Electronic funds transfer systems increase the vulnerability by enabling the cash deposits to be switched rapidly between accounts in different names and different jurisdictions. However, in addition, banks and non-banking financial institutions, as providers of a wide range of services, are vulne rable to being used in the layering and integration stages.Other loan accounts may be used as part of this process to create complex layers of transactions. Some banks and non-banking financial institutions may additionally be susceptible to the attention of the more sophisticated criminal organizations and their â€Å"professional money launderers†. Such organizations, possibly under the disguise of front companies and nominees, may create large scale but false international trading activities in order to move their illicit monies from one country to another.They may create the illusion of international trade using false/inflated invoices to generate apparently legitimate international wire transfers, and may use falsified/bogus letters of credit to confuse the trail further. Many of the front companies may even approach their bankers for credit to fund the business activity. Banks and non-banking financial institutions offering international trade services should be on thei r guard for laundering by these means.Investment and merchant banking businesses are less likely than banks and moneychangers to be at risk during the initial placement stage. Investment and merchant banking businesses are more likely to find them being used at the layering and integration stages of money laundering. The liquidity of many investment products particularly attracts sophisticated money laundering since it allows them quickly and easily to move their money from one product to another, mixing lawful and illicit proceeds and integrating them into the legitimate economy.Although it may not appear obvious that insurance and retail investment products might be used for money laundering purposes, vigilance is necessary throughout the financial system to ensure that non traditional banking products and services are not exploited. Intermediaries and product providers who deal direct with the public may be used at the initial placement stage of money laundering, particularly if they receive cash. Premiums on insurance policies may be paid in cash, with the policy subsequently being cancelled in order to obtain a return of premium (e. . by cheque), or an insured event may occur resulting in a claim being paid out. Retail investment products are, however, more likely to be used at the layering and integration stages. The liquidity of a mutual funds may attract money launderers since it allows them quickly and easily to move their money from one product to another, mixing lawful and illicit proceeds and integrating them into the legitimate economy. Lump sum investments in liquid products are clearly most vulnerable to use by money launderers, particularly where they are of high value.Payment in cash should merit further investigation, particularly where it cannot be supported by evidence of a cash-based business as the source of funds Insurance and investment product providers and intermediaries should therefore keep transaction records that are comprehensive enough to establish an audit trail. Such records can also provide useful information on the people and organizations involved in laundering schemes. Corporate vehicles trust structures and nominees are firm favorites with money launderers as a method of layering their proceeds. Providers of these services can find themselves much in demand from criminals.The facility with which currency exchanges can be effected through a bureau is of particular attraction especially when such changes are effected in favor of a cheque or gold bullion. 2. 9 Money Laundering-Bangladesh Scenario Bangladesh is neither a drug producing nor a major consumer country for drugs. However, our country’s proximity to Golden Triangle in the East and Golden crescent in the West rendered her vulnerable to drug trafficking and drug related problems. In Bangladesh, no drug cartel, drug syndicate or organized groups of drug dealers have been intercepted till to day.At present, phensedyl, heroin and cannabis r ank first, second and third in order of prevalence in the country. The influence of the drug money is not yet felt to pose a major concern for us. However, Money laundering is no less then significant in our economy. Both black money and dirty money are being laundered in various ways as under: 1. Conversion of local currency into foreign currency from black market. Smuggle it out of the country and deposit it to any foreign bank; 2. The use of hundi to send money overseas; 3. The use of bearer instruments (drafts, cheques, stock certificate etc) 4.Operating business enterprises, which hardly makes profits, but shows large profits and pays taxes to cover and legalize their dirty money; 5. The use of third party or false name accounts at financial institutions; 6. The purchase of items of value (such as luxury goods, gold, vehicles real estate); 7. Create investment companies in which fictitious persons deposit money invest in shares, stock and bonds; 8. Financing the political group s by other country; 9. Excess greediness; 10. No proper way to determine the amount of income on assets; 11.Dishonesty of customs, defense and government employee; 12. Problems of illegal immigrant; 13. Lack of co-operation from the Bangladesh embassy with Bangladeshi people living in the foreign country; 14. Lack of co-operation from the foreign branches of banks and foreign exchange organization with Bangladeshi people living in the foreign country; 15. Bureaucratic complexity & extra payment; 16. Lack of providing temporary debt privilege; 17. Smuggling; 18. Under invoicing; 19. Transfer pricing & over invoicing; 20. Illegal transaction of capital; 21. Terrorist financing; 22.Lack of potential political figure; 23. Demonstration. 1. Money Laundering Effects on Society 1. Laundered money may be used to corrupt national institutions. Bribing of officials and governments undermines the moral fabric in society, and by weakening collective ethical standards, corrupts our democratic in stitutions. 2. Money laundering erodes confidence in financial institutions and the underlying criminal activity—fraud, counterfeiting, narcotics, trafficking, and corruption—weaken the reputation and standing of any financial institution. 3. Governments need to increase health care expenditures e. . treatment of drug addicts, treatment of victims of violence, etc. 2. 9. 2 Economic Effects of Money Laundering Because crime, underground activity, and money laundering take place on a large scale, macroeconomic policymakers must take them into account. But, because these activities are hard to measure, they distort economic data and complicate governments’ efforts to manage economic policy. In addition, the ability to identify statistically the country and currency of issuance and the residency of deposit holders key in understanding monetary behavior.To the extent that money demand appears to shift from one country to another because of money laundering-resulting in misleading monetary data—it will have adverse consequences for interest and exchange rate volatility, particularly in dollarized economies, as the tracking of monetary aggregates becomes more uncertain. The income distribution effects of money laundering must also be considered. To the extent that the underlying criminal activity redirects income from high savers to low savers or from sound investments to risky, low-quality investments, economic growth will suffer.For example, there is evidence that funds from tax evasion in the United States tend to be channeled into riskier but higher-yielding investments in the small business sector, and also that tax evasion is particularly prevalent in this sector. Fraud, embezzlement, and insider trading seem likely also to be more prevalent in rapidly growing and profitable businesses and markets, because â€Å"that’s where the money is. † Money laundering also has indirect macroeconomic effects. Illegal transactions c an discourage legal ones by contamination.For example, some transactions involving foreign participants, although perfectly legal, are reported to have become less desirable because of an association with money laundering. More generally, confidence in markets and in the efficiency-signaling role of profits is eroded by widespread insider trading, fraud, and embezzlement. And, money that is laundered for reasons other than tax evasion also tends to evade taxes, compounding economic distortions. Moreover, contempt for the law is contaminating—breaking one law makes it easier to break others.Accumulated balances of laundered assets are likely to be larger than annual flows, increasing the potential for destabilizing, economically inefficient movements, either across borders or domestically. These balances could be used to corner markets—or even small economies. The above effects are to some extent speculative; however, the Quick study (1996) also conducted empirical test s on the relationship between GDP growth and money laundering in 18 industrial countries for the first time.It found evidence that significant reductions in annual GDP growth rates were associated with increases in the laundering of criminal proceeds in the period 1983-90. 2. 9. 3 How money is laundered in regional basis in Bangladesh. It has found by the research team from both the different secondary & primary sources that, there are regional trends of money laundering in our country. Such as- In Sylhet region there are a lot of people lived in foreign countries. So there are great chances of illegal money transfer in this region i. e. hundi or hawala.This system works without a paper trail. A hawala banker issues neither a written receipt for the sum received nor an order for payment. What he does, make a firm verbal commitment to the seller of dollars to make an equivalent taka payment at the agreed rate of exchange, through his agent in Sylhet region. Then, he sends a coded mes sage, to his agent containing the designated recipients name and time date and address for the payment. As well as chance of gold smuggling in this region from foreign lived people and their local relatives.In Chittagong region there are a lot of cases of drug smugglings and arm smugglings occurring in front of the eye of different law enforcing agencies. In Khulna region there are many incidents of forest materials & other goods of laundering. In Comilla region a lot of suger, sharies, and fensdils are smuggled every year in our country. In the Rajshahi region the occurrence of cattle smuggling are very common, and it has a network to supply cattle all over the country especially in the season of Eid . How money is laundered Smurfing involves the use of multiple cash deposits, each smaller than the minimum cash-reporting requirement. †¢ Misinvoicing of exports and falsification of import letters of credit and customs declarations can conceal cross-border transfers of, say, the proceeds of drug trafficking. †¢ Barter: stolen property (e. g. , antiques or automobiles) can be exchanged, across national borders or domestically, for illegal substances. †¢ Parallel credit transactions can be used to avoid the formal economy, except for the final use made of the net proceeds of illegal activity to purchase legally marketed goods or services. Interbank wire transfers may not be subject to reporting on money laundering; bribery of bank officials can thus make it easier to conceal large illegal transfers between accounts. †¢ Derivatives that replicate insider trading opportunities (e. g. , a synthetic version of a company stock subject to merger or takeover) can be used to avoid detection of an unusual change in a listed stock price. 2. 11 International Anti-Money Laundering Initiatives Money laundering has become a global problem as a result of the confluence of several remarkable changes in world markets (i. . , the globalization of markets). The growth in international trade, the expansion of the global financial system, the lowering of barriers to international travel, and the surge in the internationalization of organized crime have combined to provide the source, opportunity, and means for converting illegal proceeds into what appears to be legitimate funds. In 1986, the U. S. became the first country in the world to criminalize the â€Å"laundering† of the proceeds of criminal activity with the enactment of the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986.Since enacting the law, the U. S. Congress has increased its coverage, reach and scope, making it the broadest, strongest and most far-reaching money laundering law in the world. The U. S. law is a weapon of enormous breadth and power wielded by U. S. prosecutors in that country. Those convicted under the law face a maximum prison term of 20 years and a fine of $500,000 per violation. A legal entity such as a bank or business that is convicted under the law faces fines and forfeitures.In addition, a bank that is convicted of money laundering can lose its charter and federal deposit insurance. Persons and entities also face civil money penalties. Concerted efforts by governments to fight money laundering have been going on for the past fifteen years. The main international agreements addressing money laundering are the 1988 United Nations Vienna Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (the Vienna Convention) and the 1990 Council of Europe Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds of Crime.And the role of financial institutions in preventing and detecting money laundering has been the subject of pronouncements by the Basle Committee on Banking Supervision, the European Union, and the International Organization of Securities Commissions. The Vienna Convention, adopted in December 1988, laid the groundwork for efforts tocombat money laundering by creating an obligation for signa tory states (including Bangladesh) to criminalize the laundering of money from drug trafficking.It promotes international cooperation in investigations and makes extradition between signatory states applicable to money laundering. It also establishes the principle that domestic bank secrecy provisions should not interfere with international criminal investigations. During the past twenty years there have been a number of resolutions passed by the ICPOInterpol General Assembly, which have called on member countries to concentrate their investigative resources in identifying, tracing and seizing the assets of criminal enterprises.These resolutions have also called on member countries to increase the exchange of information in this field and encourage governments to adopt laws and regulations that would allow access, by police, to financial records of criminal organizations and the confiscation of proceeds gained by criminal activity. In December 1988, the G-10's Basle Committee on Ban king Supervision issued a â€Å"statement of principles† with which the international banks of member states are expected to comply.These principles cover identifying customers, avoiding suspicious transactions, and cooperating with law enforcement agencies. In issuing these principles, the committee noted the risk to public confidence in banks, and thus to their stability, that can arise if they inadvertently become associated with money laundering. Over the past few years, the Basle Committee has moved more aggressively to promote sound supervisory standards worldwide.In close collaboration with many non-G-10 supervisory authorities, the Committee in 1997 developed a set of â€Å"Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision†. Many important guidelines issued by Basle Committee for worldwide implementation for all banks among which, â€Å"Prevention of the Criminal Use of the Banking System for the Purpose of Money Laundering†, December 1988 â€Å"Custome r Due Diligence for Banks†, October 2001â€Å"Sound Practices for the Management and Supervision of Operational Risk â€Å", February 2003; Shell banks and booking offices â€Å", January 2003; relate to money laundering controls.In 1989, the G-7 countries recognized that money laundering had become a global problem, not least due to the increase in drug trafficking. The G-7 Summit in Paris in 1989 took a great step forward in combating international money laundering with the creation of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) to develop a coordinated international response to mounting concern over money laundering. One of the first tasks of the FATF was to develop steps national governments should take to implement effective anti-money laundering programs.The experts within FATF came up with a list of 40 Recommendations, built on the firm foundations of the 1988 UN Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances and the Statement of Principl es of the Basle Committee on Banking Regulations. The FATF 40 Recommendations set out the basic framework on what countries need to do — in terms of laws, regulations and enforcement — to combat money laundering effectively and were designed with universal application in mind.Over time, they have been revised to reflect new developments in money laundering and experience. The 40 Recommendations have now become the global blueprint in anti- money laundering best practice and set the international standards for money laundering controls. Setting those standards meant that all participating governments committed to moving in the same direction at the same pace, a requirement for success. Through FATF's peer-review process, the participants have pushed each other into implementing the standards.Even the IMF regards the anti-money laundering actions advocated by the FATF as crucial for the smooth functioning of financial markets. In joining FATF, every member nation makes a political commitment to adopt the recommendations and allows itself to be evaluated by the other member nations on whether it has fulfilled that commitment. Today FATF has grown to an organization of thirty-one member countries and has representatives from the Gulf Cooperation Council and the European Commission.Participants include representatives from members' financial regulatory authorities, law enforcement agencies, and ministries of finance, justice, and external affairs. Representatives of international and regional organizations concerned with combating money laundering also attend FATF meetings as observers. This top-down, cooperative approach has been greatly successful in encouraging FATF member nations to improve their money laundering regimes. With expanded membership, FATF has now achieved agreement on money laundering standards and implementation among 31 governments.More than that, FATF has encouraged development of regional groups to adhere to the same standards. B y the last count, about 130 jurisdictions — representing about 85 percent of world population and about 90 to 95 percent of global economic output — have made political commitments to implementing â€Å"The Forty Recommendations. † Another, more controversial initiative that FATF has developed to enhance international cooperation is publication of a list of non-cooperative countries and territories (NCCT) — jurisdictions that lack a commitment to fight money laundering.Following the June 2000 publication of the first such list, a number of the 15 NCCT jurisdictions have acted quickly to implement FATF standards. . Other UN initiatives, such as the 2000 UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, have assisted in complementing the work undertaken by the FATF. However, it was the FATF’s exercise on Non-Cooperating Countries and Territories which brought about a sea change in thinking at the highest political levels.The exercise, which identi fies and evaluates the legal, judicial and regulatory framework of countries whose regulatory systems do not appear to meet international standards, has been a success, despite its unpopularity in many quarters. 1. 8. 16. After 11 September 2001, the tragedy in New York highlighted to all civilized nations the need to look at the finances of terrorists and the methods used to transfer funds around the11 world. The FATF expanded its mission beyond money laundering and agreed to focus its expertise on the worldwide effort to combat terrorist financing.The FATF, at its Washington meeting in October 2001, came up with 8 Special Recommendations to tackle this threat. Terrorists use similar systems to money launderers and the 8 Special Recommendations complement the 40 existing Recommendations. The United Kingdom was one of the first countries in the world to have signed and ratified the UN International Convention on the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorists through the Terrorism Ac t 2000. In fact the UK was unique in meeting the requirements of all 8 FATF Special Recommendations immediately.Several regional or international bodies such as the APG (Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering), CFATF (Caribbean Financial Action Task Force), the ESAAMLG (Eastern and Southern Africa Anti-Money Laundering Group), GAFISUD (Financial Action Task Force for South America), the MONEYVAL Committee of the Council of Europe (the Select Committee of experts on the evaluation of anti-money laundering measures) and the OGBS (Offshore Group of Banking Supervisors), either exclusively or as part of their work, perform similar tasks for their members as the FATF does for its own membership.Bangladesh is a member of APG. This co-operation forms a critical part of the FATF’s strategy to ensure that all countries in the world implement effective counter-measures against money laundering. Thus the APG, the CFATF, GAFISUD, the MONEYVAL Committee and OGBS carry out mutual evaluatio ns for their members, which assess the progress they have made in implementing the necessary anti-money laundering measures. In the same vein, APG, CFATF and the MONEYVAL also review regional money laundering trends.During the past decade, a number of countries have created specialized government agencies as part of their systems for dealing with the problem of money laundering. These entities are commonly referred to as â€Å"Financial Intelligence Units† or â€Å"FIUs†. These units increasingly serve as the focal point for national anti- money laundering programs because they provide the possibility of rapidly exchanging information (between financial institutions and law enforcement / prosecutorial authorities, as well as between jurisdictions), while protecting the interests of the innocent individuals contained in their data.Since 1995, another forum for international cooperation has developed among a number of national financial intelligence units (FIUs), who beg an working together in an informal organization known as the Egmont Group (named for the location of the first meeting in the Egmont-Arenberg Palace in Brussels). The goal of the group is to provide a forum for FIUs to improve support to their respective national anti-money laundering programs.This support includes expanding and systematizing the exchange of financial intelligence, improving expertise and capabilities of the personnel of such organizations, and fostering better communication among FIUs through the application of new technologies. The Egmont Secretariat, currently hosted by the UK, is the ideal vehicle for FIUs from various countries to talk to one another once they reach the required standard. Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), the U. S. inancial intelligence unit led by the Department of the Treasury, provides training and technical assistance to a broad spectrum of foreign government officials, financial regulators, law enforcement personnel, 12 and ba nkers. This training covers a variety of topics, including money laundering typologies, the creation and operation of FIUs, the establishment of comprehensive anti-money laundering regimes, computer systems architecture and operations, and country-specific antimoney- laundering regimes and regulations.FinCEN also works closely with the informal Egmont Group of more than 50 FIUs to assist various jurisdictions in establishing and operating their own FIUs. Additionally, FinCEN has provided FIU and money laundering briefings and training in many jurisdictions, including Argentina, Armenia, Australia, the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, China, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Isle of Man, Jamaica, Jersey, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Italy, Liechtenstein, Nauru, Nigeria, Netherlands, Palau, Paraguay, Russia, Seychelles, South Africa, Switzerland, St.Vincent and the Grenadines, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tonga, and the United Kingdom. FinCEN ha s also conducted personnel exchanges with the Korean and Belgian FIUs. The U. S. Department of State's Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL) develops assistance programs to combat global money laundering. INL participates in and supports international anti-money- laundering bodies and provides policy recommendations regarding international money laundering activities.The U. S. State Department has developed a programmatic approach to assist jurisdictions in developing anti-money-laundering regimes to protect their economies and governments from abuse by financial criminals and stem the growth of international money laundering. This approach integrates training, technical assistance, and money laundering assessments on specific money laundering problems or deficiencies to achieve concrete, operational, institution-bui